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Abstract: In this study, we estimated the tendency and probability of absolute social mobility in education since the 1940s in Mongolia using a historical data from the Census of 1989, 2000, 2010, and 2020 and measured transitional probabilities and intergenerational persistence. Despite potential sample selection bias, our approach overcomes the existing data limitation that has hampered research on trends in intergenerational mobility in the country. The research ndings suggest that absolute intergenerational mobility has been rising in Mongolia, especially among women. In contrast, mobility for men has been substantially slower. Especially during the rst decade of the transition from the centrally planned to the market economy, the educational mobility for men born between 1975 and 1984 was downward. This educational loss, in turn, hurts men's upward mobility in the labor market. Where people are born strongly aects intergenerational social mobility as well. Between 1940 and 1960, upward intergenerational educational mobility was higher among people born in the capital city and central provinces than in other places. While after 1960, the upward intergenerational educational mobility was higher among people born in the Western and Highland regions than in other areas.
