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“МОРСТЭП” төслийн үндсэн зорилго нь нийгмийн болон экологийн шинжлэх ухааныг нэгтгэн улмаар Монгол орны тал хээрийн экосистемийн экологийн шилжилтийн утга (ecological tipping point)–ыг нөхцөлдүүлж буй хүчин зүйлсийг тодорхойлоход оршино. Үүнээс гадна энэхүү төсөл нь тал хээрийн экосистемийн тогтвортой байдлыг сайжруулах, улмаар экосистемийн экологийн шилжилтийн утгад хүрэхэд үлдсэн цаг хугацааг тодорхойлно. Экосистемийн эргэлт буцалгүй өөрчлөгдөх шилжилтээс урьдчилан сэргийлэх, тал хээрийн тогтвортой байдлыг хангахын тулд энэхүү төсөл бодлого боловсруулж, шийдвэр гаргагчид, мөн олон оролцогч талуудад зориулсан зөвлөмж боловсруулахад уг төслийн үйл ажиллагаа чиглэгдэнэ. Энэхүү төслийн хүрээнд нийгэм, эдийн засгийн өөрчлөлт зэрлэг амьтан ба малын нүүдлийн хэв маяг, малчдын нүүдлийн өв соёл, ёс заншилд хэрхэн нөлөөлж буйг онцгойлон судлах ба улмаар энэ төслийг хэрэгжүүлснээр Монгол орны тал хээрийн экосистемийн тогтвортой байдлыг хадгалахад чухал хувь нэмэр оруулах ач холбогдолтой.
Biodiversity loss is a key challenge of our time and critically affects drylands, which cover about 40% of the terrestrial surface. These ecosystems are of major importance for the conservation of global biodiversity (UNCCD 2011), store vast amounts of carbon in their soils, and are home to unique pastoral social-ecological systems. The concept of tipping points has partly been developed in dry rangelands, where state-and-transition models (Westoby et al. 1989, Briske et al. 2006) have defined degradation as strong human interventions that cause an entire system to operate at a different and less desirable level. In consequence, tipping points and ecological thresholds have been studied in several rangeland ecosystems, yet social and cultural drivers of ecological tipping points have received far less attention (Fernández-Giménez et al. 2017). Both wildlife and human livelihoods in rangelands are constrained by harsh and highly variable climatic conditions that result in variable and unpredictable vegetation dynamics. Flexible responses to the dynamic environment are a key aspect of drylands’ social-ecological systems. Mobility is one of the key characteristics of both wildlife and human societies in these areas. Distinctive herbivore communities track changing resources (e.g. bison in North America, wildebeest in the Serengeti), and pastoral societies move herds in search of fresh pasture and water. Many drylands worldwide are currently undergoing social-ecological transformations that affect the mobility of both wildlife and pastoralists, leading to increased vulnerability and ultimately to losses in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Many nomadic pastoralists increasingly adopt a sedentary and more urban lifestyle that is considered more rewarding, provides more opportunities for economic growth, or may be encouraged by sedentarization policies (McGahey 2011). With respect to wildlife, human infrastructure development fragments vast ranges into small parcels and many historic wildlife migrations have ceased to exist, causing entire ecosystems to collapse to less diverse and less productive states (Boone and Hobbs 2004). Grasslands of north-eastern China are a pivotal example where governmentally-promoted sedentarization resulted in reduced mobility of livestock, ultimately increasing grazing intensity and causing widespread degradation of steppe vegetation and soils (Li and Li 2012, Gongbuzeren et al. 2015). Finally, in addition to and interacting with the social-ecological changes that occur in drylands worldwide, climate change can have severe direct effects on dryland systems. Observations suggest trends towards a higher frequency of extreme weather events, rendering flexibility and mobility even more important. Sedentarization and fragmentation may have severe consequences under these conditions, pushing the entire ecosystem across tipping points with strong consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services.
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