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Aim: Snow leopards are distributed across the mountains of 12 countries spread across 1.8 million km2 in Central and South Asia. Previous efforts to map snow leopard distributions have relied on expert opinions and modelling of presence-only data. Expert opinion is subjective and its reliability is difficult to assess, while analyses of presence-only data have tended to ignore the imperfect detectability of this elusive species. The study was conducted to prepare the first ever probabilistic distribution map of snow leopards across Mongolia addressing the challenge of imperfect detection. Location: We conducted sign-based occupancy surveys across 1,017 grid-cells covering 406,800 km2 of Mongolia's potential snow leopard range. Methods: Using a candidate model set of 31 ecologically meaningful models that used six site and seven sampling covariates, we estimate the probability of sites being used by snow leopards across the entire country. Results: Occupancy probability increased with greater terrain ruggedness, with lower values of vegetation indices, with less forest cover, and were highest at intermediate altitudes. Detection probability was higher for segments walked on foot, and for those in more rugged terrain. Our results showed broad agreement with maps developed using expert opinion and presence-only data but also highlighted important differences, for example in northern areas of Mongolia deemed largely unfavourable by previous expert opinion and presence-only analyses. Main conclusions: This study reports the first national-level occupancy survey of snow leopards in Mongolia and highlights methodological opportunities that can be taken to scale and support national-level conservation planning. Our assessments indicated that <12% of its entire land mass, and 42% of the potential snow leopard
We have defined the biochemical composition of the carcass meat of muskrat, including the content of the amino acids, lipids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The moisture, crude proteins, fatty acid, and ash were 74.6, 23.2, 1.2, and 0.92%, respectively. The average amount of calories was 478 kJ per 100 g meat. We separated 17 amino acids using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. The fat content was low in both male and female invasive muskrats. The aliphatic tails of the fatty acids range from 16 to 18 carbons. The saturated palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0), and unsaturated oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic acids (C18:3) were extracted. Even though some of the western provinces in Mongolia applied the carcass meat of the muskrats for treatment against kidney disease in traditional medicine, the scientific proof is still unclear.
Abstract—This paper provides an analysis of long-term data on the ecology of rodent and insectivorous mammalian communities of different altitudinal zones of the southern slope of the Munku-Sardyk ridge in Mongolia. A description of the fauna, population, and diversity of communities of small mammals within different altitudinal zones is presented. It is shown that the composition and structure of the communities of high-altitude zones depend on the vertical distribution of plant associations, micro landscape, and ecological specialization of species in the community. A comparison of the diversity parameters of communities of small mammals in mountainous altitudinal zones in adjacent territories in the Baikal region is given. A comparison of the mountain and lowland steppe rodent communities of southern Siberia reveals a high similarity in the dominance structure of the communities of the Munku-Sardyk ridge and Tazheran steppe (Baikal region)
In the Gobi region of Mongolia, mining activities have developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The development of the mining sector is important for the economic growth of Mongolia, but local communities have always been critical of its negative impact. The purpose of our study was to determine the mining effects on the small mammal community in the Gobi region. In order to achieve this goal, we estimated the species diversity and abundance of small mammal populations in the vicinity of the Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi mines in Umnugobi aimag of Mongolia in August 2017 and in August 2018. Generally, mining activities in the Gobi region have negative impacts on small mammal communities, and at the same time effects differ on the different species of small mammals.
Muskrat is an invasive species in Mongolia, which came to Mongolia through Russia. Later, it was introduced into Khas-Us Lake in western Mongolia, and subsequently, the distribution of muskrats has expanded throughout the wetlands of this lake. Based on the 694 skulls, we studied craniometric variations among diff erent age classes and sexes of muskrats. The skull measurements showed no statistically significant diff erence between juvenile male and female muskrats. However, there were slight differences between upper molar row length measurements of males and females in subadult and adult muskrats, whereas interorbital width measurement was signifi cantly greater for females than males. This study also demonstrates that interorbital width does not show any correlation with other skull measurements for all age classes. The similarity between male and female skull measurements decreases with increased muskrat age, and the variations of all cranial measurements were greatly variable in juveniles, while these are stable in subadult and adult muskrats. We revealed no signifi cant diff erence between the cranial measurements of the Mongolian population and those of the other countries, which indicate no craniometric changes occurred in muskrats during its acclimatization in Mongolia.
The herb fi eld mouse, Apodemus uralensis (Pallas, 1811) is recorded for the first time in Mongolia, from western part of the Mongolian Altai and the adjacent Mongolian part of the Dzungarian Gobi. In addition, we discovered several additional fi ndings of this species recorded as early as 1976 from diff erent scientific collections. Body and skull measurements are presented along with a molecular genetic analysis of one specimen.
