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This study focuses on expanding knowledge about the genetic diversity of the Altai horse native to Siberia. While studying modern horses from two Altai regions, where horses were subjected to less crossbreeding, we tested the hypothesis, formulated on the basis of morphological data, that the Altai horse is represented by two populations (Eastern and Southern) and that the Mongolian horse has a greater genetic proximity to Eastern Altai horses. Bone samples of ancient horses from different cultures of Altai were investigated to clarify the genetic history of this horse breed. As a genetic marker, we chose hypervariable region I of mitochondrial DNA. The results of the performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of our and previously published data confirmed the hypothesis stated above. As we found out, almost all the haplotypes of the ancient domesticated horses of Altai are widespread among modern Altai horses. The differences between the mitochondrial gene pools of the ancient horses of Altai and Mongolia are more significant than between those of modern horses of the respective regions, which is most likely due to an increase in migration processes between these regions after the Early Iron Age.
As the first provenance study focusing on Xiongnu nobles and their followers, this study analyzed eleven human and four animal remains from the Gol Mod 2 cemetery in western Mongolia for strontium isotope ratios. The results suggest that two of the three nobles had lived in the Khanuy valley for an extended period of time, and one had lived elsewhere but was buried at the same cemetery as were the other nobles. These Xiongnu nobles might have migrated in the grassland, but the Khanuy valley and the Gol Mod 2 site surely played an irre- placeable role for them, providing valuable information for the investigation of the Xiongnu political center. A number of the followers did not grow up locally but were chosen to follow the nobles and lived in or close to the valley during their later lives. Furthermore, strontium isotope values and dietary features together confirmed that the human skeleton in G2T189 belonged to the tomb owner rather than a buried intruder. This study is a reminder that some traditional methods used to determine the local strontium isotopic range for a site are not suitable when the studied human individuals did not live a sedentary lifestyle or their social roles evidently varied.
Улаанбаатарын Их сургуулийн Түүх, Археологийн тэнхимийн суурь судалгааны бааз болох Архангай аймгийн Өндөр-Улаан сумын Хануй багийн Балгасан тал дахь “Гол Мод 2”-ын дурсгалт газрыг 2001 онд нээн илрүүлснээс хойш бие даасан болон гадны эрдэм шинжилгээний байгууллагуудтай хамтран хүннүгийн язгууртны булш 4, дагуул булш 44-ийг малтаад байна. 2022 онд “Нүүдэлчдийн хаад язгууртны оршуулга, тахилын байгууламжийн судалгаа” төслийн судалгаагаа үргэлжлүүлэн уг дурсгалт газар язгууртны 44-р булшны малтлага ажлыг эхлүүлж, түүний дагуул 5 булшийг малтан судалсан юм.
As part of the Mongolian-Chinese joint archaeological project ‘Exploring Ancient Nomadic Culture in the North’, archaeological surveys, excavations and research activities were conducted in the Hanui River valley in the Arkhangai aimag of Mongolia from July 2017 to August 2019. Th ree fi eld seasons at the Gol Mod-2 necropolis yielded rich results, which were partly published in Mongolian and Chinese scientifi c journals. In December 2019, one of the major discoveries of this collaborative project (the excavation of the Gol Mod 2 burial ground) was honoured as one of the ‘Top Ten Discoveries of 2019’ by American Archaeology Magazine. Th anks to the eff orts of Chinese and Mongolian scientists, the joint project successfully achieved its research goals. New material has been obtained to study the history of the interaction between agricultural and nomadic civilizations.
