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This paper investigates whether the pension reform—specifically, the shift from a Defined Benefit (DB) scheme to a Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) scheme—affected labor supply decisions in Mongolia, particularly among women far from retirement-claiming age. The Law on Individual Pension Insurance Contribution Accounts, introduced in 1999, mandated that all individuals born after December 31, 1959, be covered by the NDC scheme. To examine the reform’s effect, we employ a sharp regression discontinuity design (RDD) using data from the Labor Force Survey (LFS) conducted in 2002 and 2003. The results show that the transition from the DB to the NDC system led to a significant decline in women’s labor supply: the probability of being employed decreased by 13.6 percentage points, while labor force participation fell by 13.1 percentage points. The effects are heterogeneous across individual characteristics, suggesting that the reform’s impact on labor market behavior varies among subgroups.
Монгол улс 1999 онд нийгмийн даатгалын системийн шинэчлэл хийж цалинд суурилсантэтгэврийн тогтолцооноос нэрийн дансны тогтолцоонд шилжсэн. Энэхүү судалгааныажлаар тус системийн өөрчлөлт хөдөлмөрийн нийлүүлэлтэд нөлөөлсөн эсэхийг хүн ам,орон сууцны тооллогын 2000 он, ажиллах хүчний судалгааны 2002, 2003 оны өгөгдлөөртасралттай регрессийн аргаар (RDD) үнэллээ. Үнэлгээ хийхдээ хөдөлмөр эрхэлдэгэсэх, эдийн засгийн идэвхтэй эсэх гэсэн 2 хувьсагчийг хөдөлмөрийн нийлүүлэлтээртөлөөлүүлэн хамаарах хувьсагчаар сонгосон бөгөөд загварын тавил болон үнэлгээнийаргачлалаараа ялгаатай 5 төрлийн загвар (Ложит загвар, Кернелийн хэсэгчилсэнрегресс) үнэлсэн.2000 оны хүн ам, орон сууцны тооллогын өгөгдлөөр хийсэн үнэлгээний үр дүнгээсхарахад манай улсын 1999 оны тэтгэврийн тогтолцооны өөрчлөлт хүмүүсийн хөдөлмөрэрхлэх шийдвэрт статистикийн ач холбогдолтой нөлөөгүй байна. Харин 2002, 2003оны ажиллах хүчний судалгааны өгөгдлөөр хийсэн үнэлгээний хувьд тус тэтгэврийнтогтолцооны реформ эмэгтэйчүүд болон цалингийн өсөлт багатай аймагт амьдардагхүмүүсийн хөдөлмөр эрхлэх болон эдийн засгийн идэвхтэй байх магадлалыг бууруулахнөлөөтэй байна. Эрэгтэйчүүд болон цалингийн өсөлт өндөртэй аймагт амьдарч буйхүмүүсийн хөдөлмөр эрхлэх шийдвэрт статистикийн ач холбогдолтой нөлөө үзүүлээгүйбайна.
This paper investigates whether the pension reform—specifically, the shift from a Defined Benefit (DB) scheme to a Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) scheme—affected labor supply decisions in Mongolia, particularly among women far from retirement-claiming age. The Law on Individual Pension Insurance Contribution Accounts, introduced in 1999, mandated that all individuals born after December 31, 1959, be covered by the NDC scheme. To examine the reform’s effect, we employ a sharp regression discontinuity design (RDD) using data from the Labor Force Survey (LFS) conducted in 2002 and 2003. The results show that the transition from the DB to the NDC system led to a significant decline in women’s labor supply: the probability of being employed decreased by 13.6 percentage points, while labor force participation fell by 13.1 percentage points. The effects are heterogeneous across individual characteristics, suggesting that the reform’s impact on labor market behavior varies among subgroups.
We estimate the efficiency of resources invested in the education sector using Data Envelopment Analysis at both the international and domestic levels in Mongolia. Current resource levels enable improvements in the quality of education (i.e., student outcomes and graduation rates) in most countries, suggesting that the efficiency of the education sector can be increased or that resources can be better utilized. For preschools in Mongolia, the efficiency of resource utilization was relatively high across the provinces. For general education, the efficiency of resource utilization was relatively poor in 2019 but improved by 2024.
We aimed to map paid and unpaid care work in the context of the national economic, social assistance and social welfare policy of Mongolia. We used the secondary data including the Mongolian Time Use Survey 2015, 2019, Labor Force Survey 2018, Household Socio-Economic Survey 2018, health, education sector statistics available at the National Statistical Office information platform on www.1212.mn, and data and reports published by the line ministries and international organizations and reviewed findings by other researchers. Based on the research review, we found that about 30 percent of the central government budget in 2021 was spent on care services including education, health, and directly paid cash allowance and financing care homes for elders, children and people with disabilities. Moreover, the unpaid care sector produces value equal 15.3- 17 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product in 2015 and 2019. We identified data gaps for measuring paid and unpaid care. Mongolia has relatively good data for examining the care sector, but faces limitations on understanding paid care for elders and disabled people, particularly the extent of informal paid care, and also informal paid care for children 0-2.
This paper investigates whether the pension reform, specifically the shift from a Defined Benefit (DB) scheme to a Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) scheme, affects labor supply decisions in Mongolia, particularly before individuals approach retirement and benefit claiming decisions. The Law on Individual Pension Insurance Contribution Accounts, introduced on June 10, 1999, mandated that all employees in the formal sector born after 1959 be covered by the NDC scheme. To examine this, I use a sharp regression discontinuity design (RDD), leveraging data from the 2000 Population and Housing Census and the 2002 and 2003 Labor Force Surveys. The analysis focuses on labor supply responses, including employment status and labor market participation. The results from the 2002 and 2003 Labor Force Surveys indicate that the transition from DB to NDC leads to an 11.6-17.9 percentage point decrease in women’s employment and a 9.6-10.9 percentage point decrease in employment in low-wage growth provinces, which are characterized by slower wage increases. However, no statistically significant effect is found for men or for individuals living in high-wage growth provinces. The estimated coefficients for labor participation are similar to those for employment, suggesting consistent results across both outcomes.
