Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл

Мансууруулах эм болон сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодисын төрөл зүйл өсөн нэмэгдэж байгаагийн нэг хэлбэр нь шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх тосорхог бодис юм. Байгалийн /ургамал/ болон синтетик /хуурай/ гаралтай мансууруулах бодисыг илрүүлэх шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэл нь шууд хандлалтын аргаар бэлтгэдэг бол шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах тосорхог бодисыг илрүүлэх шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэлийг дээрх аргаар бэлтгэхэд үр дүн нь багатай, хангалтгүй байдаг тул оновчтой дээж бэлтгэлийн аргыг сонгох шаардлага тулгарч байна. Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь хандлалтын арга зарим шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах болон сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодисын илэрцэд хэрхэн нөлөөлөх тухай судлахад орших юм. Шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис буюу синтетик каннабиноидын нэг төрөл нь MDMB-4en-PINACA бөгөөд тухайн бодис нь органик синтезийн аргаар гаргаж авдаг бөгөөд молекул масс нь 357.5, саармаг шинж чанартай нэгдэл юм. Шинжилгээний дээжийг шууд хандлалтын арга болон шингэн-шингэний хандлалт (LLE) гэсэн 2 төрлийн аргаар бэлтгэж харьцуулсан. Шууд хандлалтын аргаар тухайн дээжийг метанолд уусган 24 цагийн турш хандалсан. LLE аргаар бэлтгэхдээ дээжийг усанд уусган, уусмалын pH-ийн утгыг рН=9-д тохируулсны дараа этилацетат нэмж хандлаад, органик үеийг ялган авч азотын ууршуулагчаар хуурай үлдэгдэл болтол ууршуулсны дараа метанолд уусгасан. Ингэж дээжийг бэлтгэхэд харьцангуй бага хугацаа (1.0-1.5 цаг) зарцуулсан. Бэлтгэсэн дээжүүдийг хийн хроматографи-масс спектрометр (GC-MS) багажид ижил нөхцөл (HP-5MS 30m*250µm*0.25µm багана, 60°C - 325°C зуухны температур, гелийн зөөгч хий, 1µL/min урсгалын хурд)-д тодорхойлоход MDMB-4en-PINАСА бодисын баригдах хугацаа ижил байсан бөгөөд харин пикийн илэрцийн хувьд ялгаатай байсан. MDMB-4en-PINАСА бодис нь шууд хандлалтын аргаар бэлтгэсэн дээжид нийт илэрсэн бодисын 0.410%-ийг эзэлж байсан бол LLE аргаар бэлтгэсэн дээжийн хувьд 20.833%-д илэрсэн бөгөөд спектрийн өндөр, талбайн хэмжээ нь дунджаар 50 дахин их байсан. Иймд шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис болох MDMB-4en-PINАСА-г илрүүлэх шинжилгээг хийхдээ LLE хандлалтын аргаар дээж бэлтгэх нь богино хугацаанд илүү өндөр үр дүнтэй илрүүлэх боломжтой байна.

Шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис (NPS) гэж "НҮБ-ын 1961 оны “Мансууруулах бодисын тухай” конвенц, 1971 оны “Сэтгэцэд нөлөөт бодисын тухай” конвенц, 1988 оны “Мансууруулах эм, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодисын хууль бус эргэлтийн эсрэг” конвенцид хянагддаггүй, нийгмийн эрүүл мэндэд аюул учруулж болох бодисуудыг хэлнэ. Тухайн бодисууд нь бүтэц найрлага, хэлбэр дүрс зэргээ маш богино хугацаанд өөрчлөн шинэчлэж байгаа нь илрүүлэхэд асуудал үүсгэж байна. Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодисыг тодорхойлох шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэлийг 2 аргаар явуулж, үр дүнг харьцуулан судлах юм. Нийт хураагдсан гурван (A, B, C) дээж тус бүрт шууд болон шингэн-шингэний хандлалт (LLE)-ын аргаар дээж бэлтгэж, хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометр (GC-MS) аргаар шинжилгээ хийсэн. ... Иймд шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодис болох ADB-BUTINACA, MDMB-BUTINACA-г илрүүлэх хроматографийн шинжилгээг хийхдээ шингэн-шингэний хандлалтын аргаар дээж бэлтгэх нь чанарын анализын илрүүлэлтийг сайжруулж, тоон анализ хийх боломжийг олгож байна.

Ulaanbaatar (UB), the fast-growing capital of Mongolia, is known for its world's worst level of particulate matter (PM) concentrations in winter. However, current anthropogenic emission inventories over the UB are based on data from more than fifteen years ago, and satellite observations are scarce because UB is in high latitudes. During the winter of 2020–21, the first period of the Fine Particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering the National Differences (FRIEND), several times higher concentrations of PM in UB compared to other urban sites in East Asia were observed but not reproduced with a chemical transport model mainly due to the underestimated anthropogenic emissions. Therefore, we devised a method for sequentially adjusting emissions based on the reactivity of PM precursors using ground observations. We scaled emission rates for the inert species (CO, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)) to reproduce their observed ambient concentrations, followed by SO2 to reproduce the concentration of SO42−, which was examined to have the least uncertainty based on the abundance of observed NH3, and finally NO and NH3 for NO3−, and NH4+. This improved estimation is compared to regional inventories for Asia and suggests more than an order of magnitude increase in anthropogenic emissions in UB. Using the improved emission inventory, we were able to successfully reproduce independent observation data on PM2.5 concentrations in UB in December 2021 from the U.S. Embassy. During the campaign period, we found more than 50% of the SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ increased in UB due to the improvement could travel to Beijing, China (BJ), and about 20% of the SO42− could travel to Noto, Japan (NT), more than 3000 km away. Also, the anthropogenic emissions in UB can effectively increase OC, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations in BJ when Gobi dust storms occur.

In Northeast Asia, the elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are an environmental concern, yet their physicochemical properties have been poorly characterized. Herein, we determined the phase states of PM2.5 in 92 filter samples collected from four different cities─Beijing, Seoul, Seosan, and Ulaanbaatar─during 2020–2022, within a temperature range of ∼290–293 K. We noted a distinct trend in the boundary relative humidity (RH) of liquid and semisolid phases within these PM2.5 samples. As the inorganic fraction increased, the RH of the liquid phase decreased, whereas that of the semisolid phase increased. This behavior was strongly influenced by the chemical composition of PM2.5. By incorporating ambient RH data from each city, we estimated the prevalent PM2.5 phase states within the planetary boundary layer of Northeast Asia. Our findings revealed that the dominant phase states of PM2.5 in these urban areas were liquid and semisolid. Additionally, we showed a critical threshold based on the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) in PM2.5: a primarily liquid phase for ALWC/PM2.5 ratios of ≥∼0.5 and a predominantly semisolid phase for ALWC/PM2.5 ratios of <∼0.5. These insights could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying aerosol pollution in Northeast Asia.

This paper presents comparative study on the composition and sources of PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, and Seoul. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) were employed to analyze 85 samples collected in winter. The obtained 340 spectra were interpreted with artificial neural network (ANN). PM2.5 mass concentrations in Ulaanbaatar were significantly higher than those in Beijing and Seoul. ANN based interpretation of UPLC UHR-MS data showed that aliphatic/lipid derived organo‑sulfur compounds, polycyclic aromatic and organo‑oxygen compounds were characteristic to Ulaanbaatar. Whereas, aliphatic/lipid-derived organo‑oxygen compounds were major components in Beijing and Seoul. Aromatic organo‑nitrogen compounds were the main contributors to differentiating the spectra obtained from Beijing from the other cities. Based on two-dimensional gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometric (GCxGC/HRMS) data, it was determined that the concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycle (PASH) containing sulfur were highest in Ulaanbaatar, followed by Beijing and Seoul. Coal/biomass combustion was identified as the primary source of contamination in Ulaanbaatar, while petroleum combustion was the main contributor to PM2.5 in Beijing and Seoul. The conclusion that diesel-powered heavy-duty trucks and buses are the main contributors to NOx emissions in Beijing is consistent with previous reports.

Мансууруулах эм болон сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодисын хууль бус эрэлт, нийлүүлэлт, төрөл зүйл өсөн нэмэгдэж байгаа нэг хэлбэр нь шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодис юм. Байгалийн /ургамал/ болон синтетик /хуурай/ гаралтай мансууруулах бодисыг илрүүлэх шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэл нь шууд хандлалтын аргаар бэлтгэдэг бөгөөд шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис /тосорхог/-ыг илрүүлэх шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэлийг дээрх аргаар бэлтгэхэд үр дүн нь хангалтгүй байгаа тул оновчтой дээж бэлтгэлтийг сонгох шаардлага тулгарч байна. Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах, сэтгэцэд нөлөөлөх бодис тодорхойлох шинжилгээний дээж бэлтгэлтийг харьцуулан судлах юм. Шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис буюу синтетик каннабинойдын нэг төрөл нь MDMB-BUTINACA бөгөөд тухайн бодисыг хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометр багажийг ашиглан тодорхойлсон. Шинжилгээний дээжийг шууд хандлалтын арга болон шингэн-шингэний хандлалт гэх 2 төрлийн аргаар бэлтгэсэн. Шууд хандлалтын арга нь тухайн дээжээс авч метанолд уусган 24 цагийн турш хандалсан. Шингэн-шингэний хандлалт нь дээжээс дээрхтэй ижил хэмжээтэй авч NaOH 1N-аар уусмалын pH-9 болгон этил ацетатад уусгаж хандлаад органик үеийг ялган авч азотын ууршуулагчаар хуурай үлдэгдэл болтол ууршуулан метанолд уусгаж дээжийг хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометр багажид оруулах хүртэл 60-90 минут зарцуулсан байна. Хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометр багажид ижил аргачлалаар тухайн 2 дээжийг уншуулахад шууд хандлалтын аргаар бэлтгэсэн дээжийн RT-17.740 минут, нийт илэрсэн бодисын 1.833%-г эзэлж байна. Шингэн-шингэний хандлалтын аргаар бэлтгэсэн дээжийн RT-17.782 минут, нийт илэрсэн бодисын 76.668% илэрсэн бөгөөд спектрийн өндөр, талбайн хэмжээ нь дунджаар 9 дахин их байна. Иймд шинэ төрлийн мансууруулах бодис болох MDMB-BUTINACA-г илрүүлэх шинжилгээг шингэн-шингэний хандлалтын аргаар дээж бэлтгэх нь богино хугацаанд илүү өндөр үр дүнтэй илрүүлж байна гэж дүгнэсэн.

Seasonal Variations and Chemical Characteristic of PM2.5 at Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

To the best of our knowledge, for the first time an extensive study was undertaken to comprehensively understand the simultaneous quantitative estimates of biomass burning (BB) aerosol in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four different sites including both metropolitan and rural areas of Northeast Asia during spring. PM2.5 were simultaneously collected in Seoul and Seosan (SE and SS, Korea, respectively), Beijing (BJ, China) and Ulaanbaatar (UB, Mongolia), spanning from March to April 2022. These collected samples were analyzed to identify and quantify BB markers, including levoglucosan, mannosan, K+ and organic carbon (OC). This analysis aimed to provide valuable insights into the impact and contribution of BB to PM2.5 and OC. Using the ratios of levoglucosan/K+ and levoglucosan/mannosan, we showed that the contribution of OC-BB to the total OC varied significantly among the sites, with SE showing a contribution of 27% ± 17%, SS 60% ± 24%, BJ 4% ± 3%, and UB 50% ± 17%. Concentrations of levoglucosan and OC-BB were highest at UB and SS sites, indicating a greater impact of BB aerosol compared to SS and BJ. Cluster and Potential Source Contribution Function analyses showed that in the SE site, aerosols were influenced by BB aerosols originating from both the northwest and south directions. Conversely, in the SS area, the study detected the presence of aged, regional, and long-range transported aerosols from the northwest and south directions. In addition, our study focused on deriving an optimized OC/levoglucosan ratio, which is crucial for the accurate estimation of OC-BB concentrations. Moreover, the approach utilized in this study can be applied in other regions to estimate region-specific OC ∕ levoglucosan ratios for OC-BB and aid in the establishment of targeted BB control measures, thereby improving air quality and environmental protection.

In this study, the morphological and elemental properties of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) collected during winter (15 December 2020–14 January 2021) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). SEM analysis of the PM2.5 samples revealed that the particle shape distribution on haze days (daily mean PM2.5 concentration of over 100 μg m−3) was irregular (62%), spherical (24.6%), cluster (10.7%), and chain-like (2.7%), while the particle shape on clean days (daily mean PM2.5 concentration of less than 30 μg m−3) was distributed as follows: irregular (56%), cluster (22%), spherical (17.3%), and chain-like (4.7%). The apparent mean particle size on haze days (2.07 μm) was twofold greater than that on clean days (1.13 μm). Based on the EDS spectra, carbonaceous particles were the most abundant (38%), followed by mineral dust (36%), Fe-rich particles (4.7%), N-rich particles (4.7%), calcium sulfate (4%), fly ash (4%) and others (2%) on clean days. On haze days, carbonaceous particles accounted for 86% of the total, and Fe-rich, mineral, transition metal, and calcium sulfate particles accounted for 6.7, 4.7, 1.3 and 0.7%, respectively, indicating that carbonaceous particles were the main contributor on haze days. In particular, the sample filters collected on haze days were predominantly covered with tar/soot-like sticky matter, in contrast to those collected on clean days. Spearman's rank correlation analysis of PM2.5 with inorganic gaseous components as well as meteorological conditions further revealed that high levels of PM2.5 in winter in Ulaanbaatar were significantly associated with SO2 (ρ = 0.95), and CO (ρ = 0.94). These associations indicated that ambient SO2 and CO gases are indicative of haze episodes during the study period, and suggested a strong contribution of solid fuel combustion producing those gases in Ulaanbaatar during winter.

We investigated shampoo-related changes in levels of some trace elements in the scalp hair of females and their impact on scalp skin properties. Sixty healthy women divided into control and experimental group who used regular shampoo and Urtica cannabina (U.cannabina) extract shampoo, respectively. Scalp skin was examined using an electronic skin analyzer, and trichometric analysis was performed with a Folliscope. The collected scalp hair samples were digested and measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average copper (p=0.05), zinc (p=0.0002), and iodine (p=0.0004) levels increased notably, whereas the selenium content decreased slightly (p=0.337) in the experimental group. We found that the average iodine content in scalp hair of Mongolian females was three times lower than the global average. The average increase in trace elements may be considered to be due to the transfer of an element into the human scalp during shampooing. These results indicate that some trace elements in human scalp hair are not only associated with nutritional status and environmental factors, but cosmetic products can also affect the trace element composition. The hair growth, diameter, and density gradually increased and were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Scalp skin moisture, sebum, and pH values increased in the experimental group, whereas the control group showed no notable difference. Herbal extracts may potentially support scalp hair growth and increase the hair density. This ability can be explained by the trace elements in the herbal extract, which may play a key role in inducing hair growth.

The Center for Fine Particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering National Differences (FRIEND) project was launched in 2020 to characterize air pollution in Northeast Asia with effective collaboration. One of the goals of this study is to elucidate the spatiotemporal characteristics of atmospheric aerosols (e.g., PM2.5) in Northeast Asia. To achieve this objective, (1) the chemical speciation of fine particles was measured in high resolution, (2) the physical characteristics of fine particles were also elucidated, and (3) the gaseous and particulate components of the atmospheric aerosols were comprehensively monitored. The first field campaign was conducted from December 15, 2020, to January 15, 2021, and simultaneously monitored five key sites in Northeast Asia: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Beijing, China; Seosan and Seoul, Republic of Korea (Korea); and Noto, Japan. The synoptic weather conditions mainly determined the periods of high PM2.5 mass concentration. During the first high-pollution event, the air over the Northeast Asian region was generally stagnant, and the inland wind speed over China, Korea, and Japan was very low. The PM2.5 mass concentration in Beijing, Seosan, and Seoul had increased simultaneously. Then, the prevailing westerlies in Northeast Asia caused the polluted air mass observed in Seoul to move to the background site in Noto. During the second high-pollution event, the Asian dust phenomenon occurred in the Gobi Desert and moved to all sites. Though the synoptic weather conditions largely determined the trend of the PM2.5 mass concentrations at the five sites, the levels of chemical components in both gaseous and particulate phases were different at each site, reflecting local emission and formation characteristics. Overall, the concentrations of air pollutants were highest in Ulaanbaatar; comparable in Beijing, Seoul, and Seosan and very low in Noto. A common characteristic of the five sites was the high organic aerosol (OA) proportion in fine particles. The chemical components that increased with the PM2.5 mass concentration were OA at Ulaanbaatar, OA and nitrate at Beijing and Seosan, nitrate at Seoul, and sulfate and OA at Noto. Further study directions for each site are discussed.

Бид энэ өгүүлэлд CHEM205 кодтой ерөнхий хими хичээлийн лабораторид хэрэглэгддэг химийн бодисын шошго дээрх анхааруулах тэмдэг (GHS)-ийг 2022-2023 оны хичээлийн жилийн намрын улиралд сонгон судалж буй оюутны таних түвшинг тогтоох, оюутнаар химийн бодисын шошгоо уншдаг болон химийн бодистой ажиллахдаа аюулгүй байдлаа хангадаг эсэхэд нь өөрийн үнэлгээ хийлгэхэд энэхүү судалгааны зорилго оршино. Судалгааг асуулга судалгааны аргаар явуулсан бөгөөд 2022-2023 оны хичээлийн жилд МУИС, ШУС, БУС-ын байгалийн ухааны ерөнхий суурийн сонгон судлах CHEM205 ерөнхий хими хичээлийг судалж буй 22 хөтөлбөрийн 170 оюутнаас судалгаанд 19 хөтөлбөрийн 131 оюутан хамрагдсан. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад нийт оюутны химийн бодисын анхааруулах тэмдэг (GHS)-ийг таних, нэрлэх чадвар сул байлаа. Судалгаанд хамрагдсан нийт оюутны химийн бодисын аюулын түвшинг таних чадварт тэдний суралцаж буй түвшин, хүйсээс хамаарсан ач холбогдолтой ялгаа илрээгүй. Хамгийн түгээмэл хэрэглэгддэг натрийн гидроксид, хүхрийн хүчлийн анхааруулах тэмдгийг танихгүй байна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс оюутнууд химийн бодисын анхааруулах тэмдгийг таних чадвар сул, буруу ойлгодог, туршилт хийхдээ химийн бодисын шошгонд анхаарал хандуулж, ач холбогдол өгөхгүй байгааг илрүүлсэн. Цаашид нийт оюутны химийн бодисын анхааруул тэмдгийн анхаарах шаардлагатай гэж үзэж байна.

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere has been continually monitored since their toxicity became known, whereas nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs), which are derivatives of PAHs by primary emissions or secondary formations in the atmosphere, have gained attention more recently. In this study, a method for the quantification of 18 NPAH and OPAH congeners in the atmosphere based on combined applications of gas chromatography coupled with chemical ionization mass spectrometry is presented. A high sensitivity and selectivity for the quantification of individual NPAH and OPAH congeners without sample preparations from the extract of aerosol samples were achieved using negative chemical ionization (NCI/MS) or positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PCI-MS/MS). This analytical method was validated and applied to the aerosol samples collected from three regions in Northeast Asia—namely, Noto, Seoul, and Ulaanbaatar—from 15 December 2020 to 17 January 2021. The ranges of the method detection limits (MDLs) of the NPAHs and OPAHs for the analytical method were from 0.272 to 3.494 pg/m3 and 0.977 to 13.345 pg/m3, respectively. Among the three regions, Ulaanbaatar had the highest total mean concentration of NPAHs and OPAHs at 313.803 ± 176.349 ng/m3. The contribution of individual NPAHs and OPAHs in the total concentration differed according to the regional emission characteristics. As a result of the aerosol samples when the developed method was applied, the concentrations of NPAHs and OPAHs were quantified in the ranges of 0.016~3.659 ng/m3 and 0.002~201.704 ng/m3, respectively. It was concluded that the method could be utilized for the quantification of NPAHs and OPAHs over a wide concentration range.

Уг судалгааны ажлаар Улаанбаатар хотын гэр хороолол, хотын төвийн гадаад орчны агаарын нарийн ширхэглэгт тоосонцор (PM2.5)-той холбогдсон Олон цагирагт ароматик нүүрстөрөгч (ОЦАН)-ийн агууламжийн өөрчлөлтийг 2017-2018 оны хугацаанд улиралаар харьцуулж, хүний хавдрын эрсдэлийг тооцоолон судаллаа. Судалгаанд Улаанбаатар хотын гэр хороолол (Баянхошуу) А, хотын төв (ЦУОШГ)-ийн Б цэгийг тус тус сонгон 2017 оны 11-р сараас 2018 оны 10-р сарын хооронд Thermo Partisol-2000i багажаар агаарын нарийн ширхэглэгт тоосонцрын сорьц авч, ОЦАН-ийн агуулгыг хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометр (ХХ-МС)-ийн аргаар тодорхойлсон. Өвлийн улиралд авсан агаарын тоосонцрын сорьцонд ОЦАН–ийн агуулгыг тодорхойлоход өвлийн улиралд А цэгт 280 ± 110 нг/м3, Б цэгт 484 ± 179 нг/м3 тус тус агуулгатай байсан. Б[a]П-ны агуулга 13.9 нг/м3, 23.8 нг/м3 байсан нь ДЭМБ–ын зөвлөмж агуулгаас тус тус А цэгт 13.9, Б цэгт 23.8 дахин их байсан.

Necessity improvements of data quality Decrease data loss and need to all stations with proper instruments. All stations must commit NAAQS (measure all six pollutants). Additional air quality stations need. There are not enough air quality stations in sub-urban, residential, background area. Provide continuous measurement of some air pollutants that not mentioned in NAAQS (metals, ions, NH3, organic pollutants PAH, hydrocarbons, BTEX etc.)

To assess the seasonal variations, potential sources, and health risks of heavy metals in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PM2.5 samples (n = 90) were collected between Dec 2019 and February 2022 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Fifteen metals (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Tl, Co, and Ba) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We used enrichment factors and principal component analysis to determine the sources of these heavy metals, and calculations from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children. The results showed that the average annual mass concentration of PM2.5 was 62.7 µg m–3 and ?? at urban site in winter and summer, respectively. PM2.5 in winter exceeded the limit specified in the Mongolian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for all days studied 1.3 to 6.8 times. The average annual concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As were 57.2 ng m-3 1.5 ng m–3, and 4.7 ng m–3, which were below the NAAQS limits. The higher total concentrations for the metals occurred in winter, whereas the lower concentrations were observed in summer. Enrichment factor values indicated that Sb, Cd, Pb, and As were mainly from anthropogenic sources.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) in particulate matter were quantified at Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, from 2017 to 2018. Many PAHs have toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic properties. The concentration of PAHs decreased from winter to summer and increased from summer to autumn, which was directly related to PM2.5. A characteristic ratio analysis indicated that the PAHs in PM2.5 are mainly from coal and biomass combustion in winter. The major source of PAHs is coal and biomass combustion in the cold season, while in the warmer seasons, PAHs mainly come from vehicle exhaust. The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of PAHs on the environment and the magnitude of the human health risks posed by such substances. Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP)-Toxic equivalent Quantity (TEQ) (carcinogenic equivalent, ng/m3) was found at 0.35–14.07 ng/m3 (city center) and 0.21–22.97 ng/m3 (residential area), while BaP-mutagenic equivalents, ng/m3 (MEQ) (mutagenic equivalent, ng/m3) was present at 0.32-29.53 ng/m3 and 18.28-0.50 ng/m3, respectively. The corresponding lifetime lung cancer risk was found to be 1.6x10-4 to 5.93x10-3 in the city center and 1.1x10-4 to 9.83x10-3 in the ger area when the average outdoor (BaP-TEQ)Σ8PAH and (BaP-MEQ)Σ8PAH concentrations were used, respectively.

The Center for Fine Particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering National Differences (FRIEND) project was launched in 2020 to characterize air pollution in Northeast Asia with effective collaboration. One of the goals of this study is to elucidate the spatiotemporal characteristics of atmospheric aerosols (e.g., PM2.5) in Northeast Asia. To achieve this objective, (1) the chemical speciation of fine particles was measured in high resolution, (2) the physical characteristics of fine particles were also elucidated, and (3) the gaseous and particulate components of the atmospheric aerosols were comprehensively monitored. The first field campaign was conducted from December 15, 2020, to January 15, 2021, and simultaneously monitored five key sites in Northeast Asia: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Beijing, China; Seosan and Seoul, Republic of Korea (Korea); and Noto, Japan. The synoptic weather conditions mainly determined the periods of high PM2.5 mass concentration. During the first high-pollution event, the air over the Northeast Asian region was generally stagnant, and the inland wind speed over China, Korea, and Japan was very low. The PM2.5 mass concentration in Beijing, Seosan, and Seoul had increased simultaneously. Then, the prevailing westerlies in Northeast Asia caused the polluted air mass observed in Seoul to move to the background site in Noto. During the second high-pollution event, the Asian dust phenomenon occurred in the Gobi Desert and moved to all sites. Though the synoptic weather conditions largely determined the trend of the PM2.5 mass concentrations at the five sites, the levels of chemical components in both gaseous and particulate phases were different at each site, reflecting local emission and formation characteristics. Overall, the concentrations of air pollutants were highest in Ulaanbaatar; comparable in Beijing, Seoul, and Seosan and very low in Noto. A common characteristic of the five sites was the high organic aerosol (OA) proportion in fine particles. The chemical components that increased with the PM2.5 mass concentration were OA at Ulaanbaatar, OA and nitrate at Beijing and Seosan, nitrate at Seoul, and sulfate and OA at Noto. Further study directions for each site are discussed.

Outdoor fine particulate matter samples were collected from two residential and one city center sites in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. Fine particulate samples were collected from the Dec.15, 2020, to Jan.17, 2021, and thirty-four pairs of samples were collected. Size, shape, and elemental fraction analysis were performed in most specific 7 pair samples, such as highest coarse and lowest concentration of PM10, PM2.5 days, highest and lowest concentration of gas pollutants (NOx, SOx, O3) days. The composition of the elements and the shape of the particles in the samples were determined by SEM-EDS analysis using the HITACHI-TM1000 instrument. The composition of the elements in the samples of the days with the highest detection of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOx, O3 was determined by comparing the samples of the days with the lowest levels of PM10 and PM2.5. The composition of the elements in the samples of days with high NOx amount was compared with the composition of the elements in the samples of days with low contaminants: S (17.6%), Cl (13.6%), Ca (6.4%), Fe (6%), Al (4.9%), In (2.8%), and P (0.6%) were higher in content than in the low-pollutant phase and had columnar, circular, and agglomerated cube shapes. Also, the composition of the elements in the samples of the days with the highest amount of O3 was compared with the composition of the elements of the days with the lowest contaminants: Cl (11.1%), Ag (11.6%), Ca (5.1%), Fe (4.3%), Al (3.1%), Na (0.9%), and Mg (0.3%) in the samples of the days when the lowest contaminants were identified and the amount of O3 was greater than the composition of the elements in the samples of the most determined days. Key Words: particulate matter, size, shape, elemental fraction analysis

ABSTRACT The determination of the chemical composition of particulate matter is important to predict the sources, formation, and effects of pollutants in the atmosphere. In 2019, the Mongolian government banned the use of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar and promoted the use of an improved briquette fuel. As a result, atmospheric PM was reduced by approximately 50%, and ambient air quality was improved. On the other hand, the atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentration was increased more than two times. However, the chemical composition of the particulate matter (PM) has still not been evaluated since 2019, when they started the use of briquette fuel. This study focuses on the seasonal variations of the chemical composition of PM2.5 using ninety-five daily PM2.5 samples that were collected in Ulaanbaatar between 2017 and 2021. Ion chromatography and a carbon analyzer were used to examine the major nine inorganic ions and organic/elemental carbon. In warm seasons, magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium ions are higher than they are in cold seasons and are possibly dominated by natural origins, while sulfate was dominant during the cold season. The carbonaceous composition, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium accounted for the majority of fine particles in winter. Except for summer, sulfate ions predominated, possibly due to fuel combustion. Chloride ion concentrations were increased in the last two winters, 2020 and 2021, when compared to 2017.

The determination of the chemical composition of particulate matter is important to predict the sources,formation, and effects of pollutants in the atmosphere. In 2019, the Mongolian government banned the use ofraw coal in Ulaanbaatar and promoted the use of an improved briquette fuel. As a result, atmospheric PM wasreduced by approximately 50%, and ambient air quality was improved. On the other hand, the atmospheric sulfurdioxide concentration was increased more than two times. However, the chemical composition of the particulatematter (PM) has still not been evaluated since 2019, when they started the use of briquette fuel. This studyfocuses on the seasonal variations of the chemical composition of PM2.5 using ninety-five daily PM2.5 samplesthat were collected in Ulaanbaatar between 2017 and 2021. Ion chromatography and a carbon analyzer were usedto examine the major nine inorganic ions and organic/elemental carbon. In warm seasons, magnesium, sodium,calcium, and potassium ions are higher than they are in cold seasons and are possibly dominated by naturalorigins, while sulfate was dominant during the cold season. The carbonaceous composition, sulfate, nitrate, andammonium accounted for the majority of fine particles in winter. Except for summer, sulfate ions predominated,possibly due to fuel combustion.

Effect of climate variability on air quality in Mongolia

This study assesses the seasonal variations, potential sources, and health risks of fine particulate matter, PM2.5. Samples (n = 83) were collected at two urban sites of Ulaanbaatar. Inorganic ions, organic/elemental carbon, and metals were analyzed. Results exhibited a distinctive seasonality for all chemical compositions with sulfate being the dominant species of PM2.5 in winter. Comparably high concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were measured in winter, while concentrations of calcium and magnesium were higher in spring and summer rather than in other seasons. The results revealed that dominant sources of atmospheric PM2.5 are mainly due to emissions of coal combustion in the heating period, and soil dust resuspension is in the non-heating period.

Дотоод орчны агаарын тоосонцрын бохирдол дахь элементийн агуулга тодорхойлох

Дотоод орчны агаарын нарийн ширхэглэгт тоосонцор дахь элементийн агуулгыг тодорхойлох

The rapidly increasing interest in the chemistry of corroles has drawn attention to a puzzling fact: although these trianionic ligands are readily oxidized, they stabilize high valent metal ions much more effectively than porphyrins or, for that matter, most other ligand1. Background ligands that bear resemblance to natural systems are important they are still pursued today; with a new ligand and the synthetic pathway to them unexpected findings are sure to be encountered which are important. Porphyrinoid systems are still important and have an exceedingly superior range in biology, inorganic chemistry, solar energy, materials, medical diagnostics, chemical engineering uses. Because of the importance of electron-rich atoms in π-delocalized systems and various optical systems, we can first address the task of placing a selenium atom into this organic system; it is not hard to place in a different place from what is known in the literature or onto the periphery. There are no or very few literature reports about this. In this poster, we make novel ligands; ligands are corrole-based and contain selenium groups (Figures 1). Ligands will be prepared via reliable multistep pathways; but in most cases, from the outset, there will be a relying on completely known procedures. We expanded one new known reaction as well that our research group has reported within the past few years.2 The pump-induced signal was measured while the scan delay was moving. The spectrally resolved pump probe (PP) experiment was set up by using a commercial strong pulse laser (Solstice Ace). Using this set ups, the excitation of coherent phonons in the organoselenium A2B-Corroles, and a pump-induced transmittance change were measured for a calibration and an accuracy test of the developed setups. The sample is transparent in the region of the incident pulse laser spectrum. The transmittance change was observed when the pump and the probe pulses were close to each other.

Агаарны чанар Уб хотын хувьд томоохон тулгамдсан асуудлын нэг хэвээр байна.

Introduction Porphyrinoid systems are still important and have an exceedingly superior range in biology, inorganic chemistry, solar energy, materials, medical diagnostics, chemical engineering uses. Corroles are synthetic tetrapyrrolic macrocycles from the porphyrinoid family, whose best known members are the naturally occurring porphyrins–present in heme enzymes, cytochromes, myo- and hemoglobin (as iron chelates in all these cases) – the di- and tetra-hydro porphyrins in magnesium chelated chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll, and the cobalt coordinating ligand corrin present in Vitamin B12.1 Because of the importance of electron-rich atoms in π-delocalized systems and various optical systems, we can first address the task of placing a selenium atom into this organic system; it is not hard to place in a different place from what is known in the literature or onto the periphery. There are no or very few literature reports about this. In this poster, we make novel ligands; ligands are corrole-based (Figure 1) and contain selenium groups (Figures 2). Ligands will be prepared via reliable multistep pathways; but in most cases, from the outset, there will be a relying on completely known procedures. We expanded one new known reaction as well that our research group has reported within the past few years.2

Characteristics of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 at Urban and Residential Sites in Ulaanbaatar

Хүн амьдралынхаа 80-90%-ийг дотоод орчинд өнгөрүүлдэг бөгөөд үүнийхээ 65%-ийг нь гэртээ өнгөрүүлдэг байна. Үүнээс үзэхэд бидний эрүүл мэндэд дотоод орчны агаарын чанар ихээхэн нөлөө үзүүлдэг нь илэрхий байна. Дэгдэмхий органик нэгдлүүд (ДОН) нь агаарын бохирдлын ихээхэн хувийг эзэлж байгаа нь хүний эрүүл мэндэд сөрөг үр нөлөө үзүүлэх бас нэгэн шалтгаан болдог. Иймээс ДОН-ийн эх үүсвэр, эрүүл мэндэд үзүүлэх нөлөө, тархалтын талаар зайлшгүй судлах шаардлагатай байна. Манай оронд эмнэлэг, барилгын материалын цэг дэлгүүр, тос тосолгооны газар, шатахуун түгээх цэгүүд гэх мэт олон газруудад ДОН өргөнөөр хэрэглэгдсээр байгаа хэдий ч ДОН агуулсан материал хэрэглэдэг ажлын байр, гадаад болон дотоод орчин дахь ДОН-ийн өртөлтийг үнэлсэн судалгаа хараахан хийгдээгүй учир хийн хроматографийн аргаар дотоод орчны агаар дахь ДОН-ийг тодорхойлох зорилго тавин ажилласан. Дотоод орчны агаараас сорьц цуглуулж, ДОН-ийн агуулгыг тодорхойлох туршилтыг манай орны хувьд анхлан хийж гүйцэтгэснээрээ энэхүү судалгааны ажлын шинэлэг тал оршино. Энэхүү судалгааг хийж хийснээр цаашид Монгол улсад дотоод орчны агаар дахь ДОН-ийн түвшинг эх үүсвэрээс хамааруулан судалж, улмаар хэмжээг багасгах, ДОН агуулсан бүтээгдэхүүний зүй зохистой хэрэглээг хэвшүүлэх, ДОН-тэй холбоотой өвчнөөс урьдчилан сэргийлэх, нийт хүн амдаа зөв мэдээ мэдээлэл түгээх зэрэг практик ач холбогдолтой юм.