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Ecosystem economic valuation is an effective way to measure and understand the significance of the benefits people receive from ecosystems. The Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) concept seeks to employ specific indicators for quantifying the economic value of all ecosystem products and services. GEP is the total value of final ecosystem goods and services supplied to human well-being in a region annually. It can be measured in terms of biophysical value and monetary value. This study aimed to examine the usage of the travel cost method in Mongolia for the first time and introduced new knowledge for ecosystem valuation. The GEP was calculated at the provincial level, and a framework customized for the unique economic and ecological situations of Khovd province. Our findings revealed that the total GEP in Khovd province ranged from 110040.7 million dollars to 113650.2 million dollars in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Among the different components of GEP, the value of ecosystem cultural services shared a tiny proportion, accounting for 0.00356% and 0.0033% in both 2015 and 2020.
With globalization and the rapid development of Mongolia’s economy, domestic and foreign investment has become an important force to promote Mongolia’s economic growth and structural optimization. At the same time, Mongolia is facing severe challenges from increasing environmental pollution and tightening resource constraints. Therefore, it is of great significance to research investment how affects the efficiency of Mongolia’s green economy in order to lead economic development and environmental protection in both directions. Based on the panel data of 21 provinces in Mongolia from 2010 to 2023, this study measured the green economic efficiency of each province, and constructs a panel threshold model to comprehensively test the relationship between investment and efficiency. The results show that investment, environmental investment, and technological development have a positive impact on green economic efficiency, while the employment population has a negative impact on green economic efficiency. This study not only enriches the theory of investment and green growth, but also provides a basis for local governments to formulate differentiated incentive policies.The main conclusions and recommendations are: The characteristics of the relationship between investment and efficiency, with the increase of investment level, the level of technological innovation increases; provinces at different development stages need to adopt differentiated investment policies, and optimize the investment structure and environment, strengthen the guidance and support role of local governments in green development; strengthen the training and introduction of talents in the field of green technology, attract and retain high-tech talents by establishing talent introduction plans, and enhance technological innovation capabilities.
Mongolian foreign direct investment is governed by the “Constitution”, “Foreign Investment Law” and other laws as well as international treaties to which Mongolia is a party. Mongolian FDI fell by 35.8% during 2010-2011, 43.52% during 2012- 2013, and 27.3% during 2014-2018. In recent years, there has been a trend of focusing foreign direct investment in the mining industry. As the inflow of foreign direct investment declines and the outflow increases, the economy still faces a series of problems, including foreign debt, budget deficits, exchange rates, and unemployment. This highlights the need to pay attention to the current investment environment and investment attractiveness policies, as well as appropriate policies that are in Mongolia’s interests. For this reason, it is still necessary to determine the prospects of foreign direct investment in Mongolia, the concentration of foreign direct investment in the non-mining sector, the implementation of foreign direct investment policy and its impact on the economy. Therefore, the purpose is to study and improve Mongolia's foreign direct investment policy.
Economic and trade cooperation is an important manifestation of global economic development and an inevitable choice for all countries to follow the trend. Since 1999, Mongolia and China have maintained close economic and trade cooperation, and China has become Mongolia’s largest trade and investment partner. Especially in 2013, since China proposed the “OBOR” initiative, it has brought new opportunities for Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation. Based on the research, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The overall development trend of Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation is good, and it has experienced three stages of cooperation initial, cooperation development and cooperation deepening. (2) The economic and trade cooperation between Mongolia and China are highly complementary, and policy factors, legal environment factors, international environmental factors, social factors and economic factors have all had an important impact on Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation. (3) Through the empirical analysis of the influencing factors of Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation, it is found that the level of economic development, inflation rate, infrastructure, and total transportation volume have varying degrees of influence on the scale of Mongolia China trade and investment. Among them, the level of economic development, Population size, urbanization level, degree of opening to the outside world, infrastructure construction, and railway transportation mileage a significant role in promoting the scale of Mongolia China trade, while industrial structure, import tariffs, and inflation rate indexes all have negative effects. In addition, the level of economic development, inflation rate, infrastructure and transportation volume of the two countries have promoted Mongolia China investment cooperation, but inflation rate and unemployment rate have hindered it.
Economic and trade cooperation is an important manifestation of global economic development and an inevitable choice for all countries to follow the trend. Since 1999, Mongolia and China have maintained close economic and trade cooperation, and China has become Mongolia’s largest trade and investment partner. Especially in 2013, since China proposed the “OBOR” initiative, it has brought new opportunities for Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation. Based on the research, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The overall development trend of Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation is good, and it has experienced three stages of cooperation initial, cooperation development and cooperation deepening. (2) The economic and trade cooperation between Mongolia and China are highly complementary, and policy factors, legal environment factors, international environmental factors, social factors and economic factors have all had an important impact on Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation. (3) Through the empirical analysis of the influencing factors of Mongolia China economic and trade cooperation, it is found that the level of economic development, inflation rate, infrastructure, and total transportation volume have varying degrees of influence on the scale of Mongolia China trade and investment. Among them, the level of economic development, Population size, urbanization level, degree of opening to the outside world, infrastructure construction, and railway transportation mileage a significant role in promoting the scale of Mongolia China trade, while industrial structure, import tariffs, and inflation rate indexes all have negative effects. In addition, the level of economic development, inflation rate, infrastructure and transportation volume of the two countries have promoted Mongolia China investment cooperation, but inflation rate and unemployment rate have hindered it.
Mongolian foreign direct investment is governed by the “Constitution”, “Foreign Investment Law” and other laws as well as international treaties to which Mongolia is a party. Mongolian FDI fell by 35.8% during 2010-2011, 43.52% during 2012- 2013, and 27.3% during 2014-2018. In recent years, there has been a trend of focusing foreign direct investment in the mining industry. As the inflow of foreign direct investment declines and the outflow increases, the economy still faces a series of problems, including foreign debt, budget deficits, exchange rates, and unemployment. This highlights the need to pay attention to the current investment environment and investment attractiveness policies, as well as appropriate policies that are in Mongolia’s interests. For this reason, it is still necessary to determine the prospects of foreign direct investment in Mongolia, the concentration of foreign direct investment in the non-mining sector, the implementation of foreign direct investment policy and its impact on the economy. Therefore, the purpose is to study and improve Mongolia's foreign direct investment policy.
