Бидний тухай
Багш ажилтан
Environmental polilcy and Implementation in Mongolia Munkh-Erdene Saikhanaa,Guluguu Adiyabaatar,Gaanjuur Gerelsuren Khovd Branch of National University of Mongolia, Department of Business, Senior Teacher, msaikhanaa11@gmail.com , adiyabaatar01234@gmail.com, gerelsuren.01@gmail.com 1. Overview of Environmental Politics Environmental politics is a relatively new field of study within international relations that focuses on issues related to the interaction of humans and the natural world. The first documented notion of environmentalism dates back as early as the 13th century in Arabic medical treatise writings. These reports archive environmental pollution such as water contamination and waste mishandling as a cause of disease. As early as the mid-19th century, scholars wrote about the role of natural resources in global security and political economy. However, much of the literature prior to the 1980s related specifically to resource extraction and development issues. Since then environmentalism has taken many forms; modern environmentalism originated in the late 1800s in Europe during the Industrial Revolution in the shape of conservation groups. As the worldwide population continued to grow at unprecedented rates in the twentieth century, the issue of environmental protection emerged, and environmental laws and agencies materialized globally. As the world has become more interconnected over the past century so too has the issue of environmental protection. Today global and national environmental protection programs and legislation exist with the United Nations Environmental Program being at the center of international environmental law. It is becoming impossible to separate environmental degradation and pollution on a nation-by-nation basis; pollution caused in one country trickles into others by several means, making environmental protection an eminent global concern. Currently, however, many barriers exist between environmental law and implementation efforts for most countries leading to ineffective protection. Global environmental problems present many unique challenges and have thus spawned a range of subfields of study. Global environmental problems frequently involve substantial scientific complexity and ambiguity.
OLD AGE PENSION REFORM AND CHALLENGES Erdenetsetseg Baasanjav Khovd Branch of National University of Mongolia, Department of Business, Teacher erdenetsetseg.b22@gmail.com Munkh-Erdene Saikhanaa Khovd Branch of National University of Mongolia, Department of Business, senior teacher МУИС-ийн Ховд аймаг дахь салбар сургуулийн Бизнесийн тэнхимийн ахлах багш msaikhanaa11@gmail.com Population aging is creating unprecedented challenges for pension systems in many countries. The pension system is unable to adapt to long-term demographic trends such as declining birth rates, rising life expectancy, and widening life expectancy gaps. In order to solve these problems, postponing the retirement age, extending the period of payment of contributions, reducing the indexation used to calculate the amount of pension, and changing the formula of pension benefits are implemented and developed in combination with other methods of the system. All over the world, there are several types of old-age pensions, which are classified into 4 layers depending on their characteristics and content. Mongolia uses a combination of contributory and non-contributory pension systems. In upper-middle and high-income countries, the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the total population averages 16-20%. The amount of funds to be spent on pensioners is also high. On the contrary, the proportion of older people and the amount of spending capital in African and Arab countries are low. In Mongolia, the share of citizens aged 65 and over in the total population is 3.95% and about 6% of the GDP is spent on old-age pensions. The retirement age in European countries with high life expectancy, some countries in Asia Pacific, 535 especially Switzerland, Norway, and Japan, which are leaders in HDI, is 62-67 years old. For Mongolians, the decision to raise the retirement age to 65 should be reconsidered. The difference in life expectancy between the rich and the poor continues to grow due to unequal distribution of income, different skills and different lifestyles among the population. In this regard, when creating a multi-level pension layer, it is advisable to reduce as much as possible the PAYG (Pay-As-You-Go) or pension depending on the amount of paid contributions, and to introduce the means-tested pension system. Most countries have been continuing to improve their pension systems and creating additional mechanisms to maximize future returns from pension contributions. Population aging is creating unprecedented challenges for pension systems in many countries. The pension system is failing to adapt to long-term demographic trends such as declining birth rates, rising life expectancy and widening life expectancy gaps. In order to solve these problems, postponing the retirement age, extending the period of payment of contributions, reducing the indexation used to calculate the amount of pension, and changing the formula of pension benefits are implemented and developed in combination with other methods and methods of the system.
According to the International Labor Organization and researchers, by 2050, the average life expectancy of the world's population will increase by 8 years to 76.2 compared to 2015. However, it is necessary to determine whether to increase the retirement age by how many years, taking into account the country's quality of life, human development index indicators, and the country's income level calculated annually by the World Bank, which is one of the main indicators of the development level. The retirement age in European countries with high life expectancy, some countries in Asia Pacific, especially Switzerland, Norway, and Japan, which are leaders in HDI, is 62-67 years old. However, for Mongolians, the decision to raise the retirement age to 65 is a reconsideration. The gap in life expectancy between the rich and the poor continues to widen due to unequal distribution of income, different skills and different lifestyles among the population. In this regard, when creating a multi-level pension layer, it is advisable to reduce as much as possible the PAYG (Pay-As-You-Go) or pension depending on the amount of paid contributions, and to introduce the means-tested pension into the system. In the development of a multi-layered pension system, it is considered appropriate to regulate the universal basic pension, the pension dependent on the standard of living in a manner financed by the state budget, and the income-dependent pension financed by the social insurance fund.
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia located between China to the south and the Russian Federation to the north. The country has a total area of 1,564,116 km2, of which 10,560 km2 are covered by water. The geography is very varied, with mountainous regions to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and biophysical wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. We consider that main environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, desertification and land degradation, pollution, loss of biodiversity in Mongolia. Since 1987, Mongolia has developed an extensive legal framework on environmental protection. The environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent. However, implementation of environmental legislation is often delayed. Furthermore, enforcement of environmental laws and environment-related provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge. In 1990, Mongolia made a dramatic change in its political and economic system, the basic concept of which is the transition from a single-party political system to a democratic form of society. In this article, we study environmental policy and implementation of legislation in Mongolia.
В ходе исследования мы изучили доступность и результаты кредитов, предоставленных Фондом развития малого и среднего бизнеса, который представляет собой кредит со льготными условиями, предоставленный государством в течение последних трех лет. Доступ к кредитам изучался такими методами, как доля кредитов на льготных условиях, предоставляемых государством в рамках политики, и объем профинансированных кредитов как доля заявок, поданных на кредиты на льготных условиях в Фонд развития малого и среднего предпринимательства. В процентах от общего объема кредитов, предоставленных сектору малых и средних предприятий. Также были проанализированы результаты кредитов, предоставленных Фондом развития малого и среднего бизнеса, который является кредитом на льготных условиях, предоставленным государством, с точки зрения статуса реализации проектов, получивших кредиты на льготных условиях, и качества кредита. Кредиты в результате по сравнению с кредитным качеством сектора результаты льготных кредитов недостаточны.
Сүүлийн жилүүдэд улс орнуудад хүн амын насжилтын үйл явц нилээд эрчимжиж байна. Хүн амын дунд насжилт нэмэгдэхийн хэрээр улс орнуудын эдийн засагт олон өөрчлөлтүүд бий болж байгаагийн нэг нь улс орнуудын Засгийн газрын нийгмийн хамгааллын асуудал бөгөөд тэр дундаа нийгмийн даатгалын сангаас олгох тэтгэврийн талаарх асуудал ихээхэн хөндөгдөж байна. Дэлхийн улс орнуудыг бодвол манай улсын хүн амын насжилт харьцангуй бага боловч тэтгэвэр төлөвлөлтийн асуудал эдийн засагт нилээд дарамт үзүүлж байдаг.
Дэлхийн улс орнууд урт хугацааны тогтвортой эдийн засагт хүрэхийн тулд аливаа улсын өрхийн амьжиргааны түвшин, ядуурлын түвшин, хүний хөгжлийн индекс, аз жаргалын индекс, өрхийн санхүүгийн байдал зэрэг нийгэм, эдийн засгийн үзүүлэлтүүдийг тооцож төр засгийн зүгээс бодлогын баримт бичиг боловсруулан, үндэсний хэмжээний хөтөлбөрүүдийг хэрэгжүүлж ирсэн. Энэ хүрээнд олон улсын судлаачид 1965 оноос хойш өрхийн санхүүгийн тогтвортой байдал, сайн сайхан байдал, эмзэг байдлыг индекс зэрэг олон аргачлалыг хөгжүүлэн судалгаа шинжилгээний ажил хийж ирсэн. Үүний дотроос 2011 оноос Их Британи улсын Бристолын Их Сургуулиас өрхийн санхүүгийн тогтвортой байдлыг үнэлэх Household financial wellness index аргачлалыг хөгжүүлэн, Өмнөд африкийн жишээн дээр тасралтгүй 10 гаран жил судалгаа хийж, зөвлөмж боловсруулсан байна. Бид Орхон аймгийн жишээн дээр өрхийн санхүүгийн тогтвортой байдлыг индексийн аргаар тодорхойлон, индекс шилжих магадлалыг ложит загвараар үнэллээ. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харвал Орхон аймгийн өрхүүдийн 3.5% нь санхүүгийн нөхцөл байдал сайн, 50.75% нь санхүүгийн байдал тогтвортой, 40.5% нь санхүүгийн байдал тогтворгүй, 5.25% нь хямарсан бөгөөд эдгээр өрхүүдийн санхүүгийн байдал тогтворгүй болох эрсдэл өндөртэй, хямарсан өрхүүд сайжрах магадлал бага байна. Тиймээс цаашдаа өрхүүдийн санхүүгийн байдлыг тогтвортой, найдвартай болгох замаар эдийн засгийн урт хугацааны өсөлтийг хангахын тулд төр засгийн зүгээс бодлогын баримт бичиг боловсруулах, богино, урт хугацааны хөтөлбөр хэрэгжүүлэх шаардлагатай байгаа нь бидний судалгааны үр дүнгээс харагдлаа.
Монгол бол өмнөд талаараа Хятад, хойд талаараа ОХУ-ын хооронд орших Зүүн Азийн далайд гарцгүй орон юм. Тус улсын нийт нутаг дэвсгэр нь 1,564,116 км2 бөгөөд үүний 10,560 км2 нь усаар бүрхэгдсэн байдаг. Газарзүй нь маш олон янз бөгөөд хойд болон баруун талаараа уулархаг бүсүүд, өмнөд нь говь цөлтэй. Монгол улс эх газрын эрс тэс уур амьсгалтай урт, хүйтэн өвөл, богино зун. Монгол Улсад хүний болон биофизикийн эрүүл мэндэд сөргөөр нөлөөлж буй байгаль орчны тулгамдсан олон асуудал бий. Эдгээр асуудлууд нь зарим талаараа байгалийн хүчин зүйлээс үүдэлтэй боловч хүний үйл ажиллагаанаас болж улам бүр нэмэгдсээр байна. Монгол орны уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, ойн хомсдол, цөлжилт, газрын доройтол, бохирдол, биологийн төрөл зүйлийн хомсдол зэрэг байгаль орчны гол сорилтууд гэж бид үзэж байна. Монгол Улс 1987 оноос хойш байгаль орчныг хамгаалах чиглэлээр өргөн хүрээтэй хууль эрх зүйн орчныг бүрдүүлсэн. Байгаль орчны хууль тогтоомж нь үндсэндээ тууштай, уялдаатай байдаг. Гэвч байгаль орчны тухай хууль тогтоомжийн хэрэгжилт удааширдаг. Цаашилбал, салбарын хууль тогтоомжид байгаль орчны хууль тогтоомж, байгаль орчинтой холбоотой заалтуудыг хэрэгжүүлэх нь ихэвчлэн ноцтой сорилт болдог. 1990 онд Монгол Улс улс төр, эдийн засгийн тогтолцоондоо эрс өөрчлөлт хийсэн бөгөөд үүний үндсэн үзэл баримтлал нь нэг намын улс төрийн тогтолцооноос ардчилсан нийгмийн хэлбэрт шилжих явдал юм. Энэхүү илтгэлд бид Монгол Улсын байгаль орчны бодлого, хууль тогтоомжийн хэрэгжилтийг судалсан болно
Population aging is creating unprecedented challenges for pension systems in many countries. The pension system is unable to adapt to long-term demographic trends such as declining birth rates, rising life expectancy, and widening life expectancy gaps. In order to solve these problems, postponing the retirement age, extending the period of payment of contributions, reducing the indexation used to calculate the amount of pension, and changing the formula of pension benefits are implemented and developed in combination with other methods of the system. All over the world, there are several types of old-age pensions, which are classified into 4 layers depending on their characteristics and content. Mongolia uses a combination of contributory and non-contributory pension systems. In upper-middle and high-income countries, the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the total population averages 16-20%. The amount of funds to be spent on pensioners is also high. On the contrary, the proportion of older people and the amount of spending capital in African and Arab countries are low. In Mongolia, the share of citizens aged 65 and over in the total population is 3.95% and about 6% of the GDP is spent on old-age pensions. The retirement age in European countries with high life expectancy, some countries in Asia Pacific, especially Switzerland, Norway, and Japan, which are leaders in HDI, is 62-67 years old. For Mongolians, the decision to raise the retirement age to 65 should be reconsidered. The difference in life expectancy between the rich and the poor continues to grow due to unequal distribution of income, different skills and different lifestyles among the population. In this regard, when creating a multi-level pension layer, it is advisable to reduce as much as possible the PAYG (Pay-As-You-Go) or pension depending on the amount of paid contributions, and to introduce the means-tested pension system.
Population aging is creating unprecedented challenges for pension systems in many countries. The pension system is unable to adapt to long-term demographic trends such as declining birth rates, rising life expectancy, and widening life expectancy gaps. In order to solve these problems, postponing the retirement age, extending the period of payment of contributions, reducing the indexation used to calculate the amount of pension, and changing the formula of pension benefits are implemented and developed in combination with other methods of the system. All over the world, there are several types of old-age pensions, which are classified into 4 layers depending on their characteristics and content. Mongolia uses a combination of contributory and non-contributory pension systems. In upper-middle and high-income countries, the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the total population averages 16-20%. The amount of funds to be spent on pensioners is also high. On the contrary, the proportion of older people and the amount of spending capital in African and Arab countries are low. In Mongolia, the share of citizens aged 65 and over in the total population is 3.95% and about 6% of the GDP is spent on old-age pensions. The retirement age in European countries with high life expectancy, some countries in Asia Pacific, especially Switzerland, Norway, and Japan, which are leaders in HDI, is 62-67 years old. For Mongolians, the decision to raise the retirement age to 65 should be reconsidered. The difference in life expectancy between the rich and the poor continues to grow due to unequal distribution of income, different skills and different lifestyles among the population. In this regard, when creating a multi-level pension layer, it is advisable to reduce as much as possible the PAYG (Pay-As-You-Go) or pension depending on the amount of paid contributions, and to introduce the means-tested pension system.
В статье представлена краткая характеристика, выполнены анализ и оценка современного состояния инвестиции горнодобывающей сектора Монголии, выявлены проблемы и перспективы развития, коэффициент эффективности инвестиций в горнодобывающей отрасли
