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Энэхүү судалгаагаар 2018-2022 оны холбогдох мэдээллийг Монгол улсын элсэлтийн ерөнхий шалгалтын дундаж оноонд нөлөөлөгч хүчин зүйлсийг тодорхойлохыг зорьсон. Ингэхдээ регрессийн шинжилгээнд Ердийн хамгийн бага квадрат ба Панел санамсаргүй нөлөөний аргыг, хүйсийн ба бүсийн дунджийн зөрүүний тест хийхдээ харгалзан холимог ба салангид дисперс бүхий t тест ба нэг хүчин зүйлийн дисперсийн шинжилгээний аргуудыг хэрэглэв. Үнэлгээний үр дүнд cурагч багшийн харьцаа, хүн амын боловсролын түвшин, ажил эрхлэлтийн түвшин, багшийн ерөнхий үр дүнгийн үзүүлэлт гэх мэт хүчин зүйлс нь хичээл бүрт ялгаатай байдлаар, эерэг хамааралтай байгаа нь тогтоогдсон. Статистик шинжилгээний үр дүнд хүйсийн хувьд эмэгтэй сурагчид илүү амжилттай байгааг харуулсан бол газарзүй бүсийн хувьд Зүүн бүсийн Монгол хэл ба Нийгмийн ухаан хичээлийн шалгалтын дундаж Хангайн ба Баруун бүсийн дунджаас өндөр байна гэж дүгнэлээ.
Боловсрол нь хувь хүнд төдийгүй тэдний амьдарч буй нийгэмд эерэг нөлөөтэй ба нийгмийн хүрээнд авч үзвэл хүмүүн капиталыг нэмэгдүүлэх ач холбогдолтой. Нэг хүнд ногдох хүмүүн капитал өсөх нь улс орны хөдөлмөрийн бүтээмж, улмаар урт хугацааны эдийн өсөлтөд эерэгээр нөлөөлдөг билээ. Хувь хүний өнцгөөс харвал чанартай боловсрол эзэмших нь юуны өмнө тухайн хүний орлогыг өсгөх нөлөөтэй болох нь маш олон судалгааны үр дүнгээс илэрхий харагддаг (Erdem нар., 2008). Элсэлтийн ерөнхий шалгалт (ЭЕШ) нь Ерөнхий боловсролын сургууль (ЕБС)-ийн хөтөлбөрийг бүрэн дүүргэсэн сурагчаас авдаг, ерөнхий чадварыг сорих шалгалт юм. Шалгалтын дүнгээс хамаарч уг сурагчийн ямар их дээд сургуульд, ямар хөтөлбөрөөр суралцах нь тодорхой болдог. Элсэлтийн ерөнхий шалгалтанд дунджаар өндөр үзүүлэлттэй оролцох нь дараах хэд хэдэн шалтгааны улмаас нийгэмд чухал ач холбогдолтой. Үүнд: (i) илүү чанартай дээд боловсрол эзэмших; (ii) улсын болон хувийн их хэмжээний нөөц энэхүү өрсөлдөөнд зориулагддаг учраас тэдгээр нөөцийн ашиглалтыг оновчтой болгох, боловсролын чанарыг сайжруулах; (iii) боловсрол нь нийгмийн давхаргын шилжих хөдөлгөөнд чухал нөлөөтэй (Guimarães & Sampaio, 2013).
Environmental polilcy and Implementation in Mongolia Munkh-Erdene Saikhanaa,Guluguu Adiyabaatar,Gaanjuur Gerelsuren Khovd Branch of National University of Mongolia, Department of Business, Senior Teacher, msaikhanaa11@gmail.com , adiyabaatar01234@gmail.com, gerelsuren.01@gmail.com 1. Overview of Environmental Politics Environmental politics is a relatively new field of study within international relations that focuses on issues related to the interaction of humans and the natural world. The first documented notion of environmentalism dates back as early as the 13th century in Arabic medical treatise writings. These reports archive environmental pollution such as water contamination and waste mishandling as a cause of disease. As early as the mid-19th century, scholars wrote about the role of natural resources in global security and political economy. However, much of the literature prior to the 1980s related specifically to resource extraction and development issues. Since then environmentalism has taken many forms; modern environmentalism originated in the late 1800s in Europe during the Industrial Revolution in the shape of conservation groups. As the worldwide population continued to grow at unprecedented rates in the twentieth century, the issue of environmental protection emerged, and environmental laws and agencies materialized globally. As the world has become more interconnected over the past century so too has the issue of environmental protection. Today global and national environmental protection programs and legislation exist with the United Nations Environmental Program being at the center of international environmental law. It is becoming impossible to separate environmental degradation and pollution on a nation-by-nation basis; pollution caused in one country trickles into others by several means, making environmental protection an eminent global concern. Currently, however, many barriers exist between environmental law and implementation efforts for most countries leading to ineffective protection. Global environmental problems present many unique challenges and have thus spawned a range of subfields of study. Global environmental problems frequently involve substantial scientific complexity and ambiguity.
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia located between China to the south and the Russian Federation to the north. The country has a total area of 1,564,116 km2, of which 10,560 km2 are covered by water. The geography is very varied, with mountainous regions to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and biophysical wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. We consider that main environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, desertification and land degradation, pollution, loss of biodiversity in Mongolia. Since 1987, Mongolia has developed an extensive legal framework on environmental protection. The environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent. However, implementation of environmental legislation is often delayed. Furthermore, enforcement of environmental laws and environment-related provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge. In 1990, Mongolia made a dramatic change in its political and economic system, the basic concept of which is the transition from a single-party political system to a democratic form of society. In this article, we study environmental policy and implementation of legislation in Mongolia.
This paper is intended to investigate the effects of commodity price shocks and institutional quality on export diversification in Mongolia. To do so, the ARDL bounds testing approach is employed for the empirical analysis, using a dataset covering the period of 1995-2019. The results of the analysis suggest that commodity price shocks measured by the aggregate index of commodity prices and a country specific commodity terms of trade index influence Mongolia’s export diversification in both the long and short-run. For the Contract Intensive Money, a proxy for institutional quality, it supports export diversification in Mongolia in the short-run, but not in the long-run.
Mongolia is a mineral commodity dependent and lower-middle-income country with a highly concentrated and volatile export basket. Interestingly, the potential determinants of the country’s export diversification have not explored empirically. This paper is intended to investigate the effects of commodity price shocks and institutional quality on export diversification in Mongolia. To do so, the ARDL bounds testing approach is employed for the empirical analysis, using a dataset covering the period of 1995-2019. The results of the analysis suggest that commodity price shocks measured by the aggregate index of commodity prices and a country specific commodity terms of trade index influence Mongolia’s export diversification in both the long and short-run. For the Contract Intensive Money, a proxy for institutional quality, it supports export diversification in Mongolia in the short-run, but not in the long-run.
