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A total of 114 Mongolian plant species were subjected to cytotoxicity screening against liver (HepG2), colon (HCT116), breast (MCF7), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. Among 18 them, ethanolic extracts of Androsace incana, Artemisia rutifolia, Saussurea amara, and Inula salsoloides exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity, with IC50 values below 1.5 μg/mL against at least 2 tested cell lines when treated for 48 hours. Erysimum flavum, Juniperus sibirica, 21 and Stellaria dichotoma demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against specific cancer cell lines. Extracts from 23 plant species, such as Artemisia xerophytica, Ajania trifida, Melandrium brachypetalum, Brachanthemum mongolicum, and Rhinanthus songaricus, 24 showed moderate toxicity. Further research on the phytochemicals and biological activities of these species is crucial for a deeper understanding and potential applications. This screening results of the cytotoxic effects of numerous Mongolian plants could establish a 27 foundational dataset for subsequent comprehensive studies on the screened plants.
A chemical examination of an extract from the roots of O. trichophysa led to the isolation and identification of 10 compounds, including oxazoles and isoflavonoids. Among them, 2-phenyl-5-(2"-methoxy-3"-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (1) and 2-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2"-methoxy-3"-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (2) were obtained for the first time from the natural source. The known compounds were identified as 2-phenyl-5-(2′′-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (3), isomucronulatol (4), 5'- hydroxyisomucronulatol (5), (6aR, 11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan (6), isoliquiritigenin (7), 4,2'- dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (8), isosakuranetin (9), and butin (10). These known compounds were obtained for the first time in this plant. For antibacterial and quorum sensing assay, the diethyl ether fractions significantly inhibited S. aureus (16.2 mm), M. luteus (19.0 mm), and C. violaceum (22.4 mm) at conc.0.5 mg/disc. Among the isolated compounds, 4 showed 20.3 mm inhibition zone against Chromobacterium violaceum at conc.0.05 mg/disc.
Mongolian grassland is located at over 1500 m elevation with a high-altitude place that is almost an island area without an ocean. The summer of Mongolian grassland was so short within 2 months of rain and the winter is so long with more than -20C. In Mongolian grassland, plants need to adapt to environmental conditions, and only adaptable plants can survive during evolution. From these plants that evolved and survived in severe environmental conditions, we hope to identify plants that possess the ability for growth resistance. Based on this idea, we screened the fastest-growing plant from 40 species of Mongolian grassland plants. Chloris virgata (accession Dornogovi) was identified as the fastest germinating, early growth, and highly re-generation ability plant in Mongolian grassland plants. This high growth ability was considered to be useful for the adaptation of short summers in Mongolian grassland. Furthermore, the high growth ability might suggest a high-stress resistance ability of C. virgata. To analyze the stress resistance of C. virgata, we applied drought stress to C. virgata by mannitol treatment and water withholding treatment. By water withholding treatment from 21-day-old plants for 21 days, C. virgata showed a high ability of drought stress resistance in comparison with rice, wheat, and oats. By high concentration of mannitol treatment (350 mM), the endogenous chlorophyll content of C. virgata was higher than in rice, wheat, and oats. As C. virgata showed a strong ability to drought stress resistance, we considered that we would be able to isolate novel and useful stress-resistant genes from C. virgata. Then we performed a de novo RNA-seq analysis. The total RNA was extracted from samples of 3 and 6-hour drought treatments and we identified 25,469 unified transcripts. From this stress-induced RNA-seq data, we selected 6 genes based on their expression level and publication of stress response in other plants. The four genes (CvAREB2, CvAWPM19, CvRAB28, CvRAB16) are known genes and their stress response is comparatively characterized in other plants. Another two genes were functionally uncharacterized and we named them CvUND3-27, CvUND3-29. These 6 genes were significantly induced by drought stress treatment, and we hypothesized that their function might be related to the stress tolerance of C. virgata. We started to make a transgenic plant construction under the CaMV 35S constitutive promoter on these genes, and the detailed characterization of stress function is currently underway.
The pastoral livestock industry is an important sector of the Mongolian economy. At the end of 2022, about 71.1 million livestock animals were counted in Mongolia. Rangelands and meadows supply almost all of the needed forage for livestock production. There are 3191 species of vascular plants growing in Mongolia's grasslands, and about 1250 of them are eaten by livestock to some extent. Artemisia santolinifolia is one of these species and the plant is widely distributed in Central Asia to Eastern Europe. In winter, sheep and goats eat more, horses are good, and cattle and camels eat moderately. It is important that knowledge of the chemical constituents and their biological activities to understand effects of Artemisia santolinifolia on livestock. Aerial parts of Artemisia santolinifolia subsp. stepposa were collected on August 7, 2022, at Mustin am, Narst bag, Arkhust soum, Tuv province, Mongolia. This plant species was identified by Dr. Shagdar Dariimaa, Mongolian State University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The air dried sample was extracted three times using aqueous acetone (acetone: water, 80:20 v/v) at a sample: solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v). After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, a crude extract was obtained. The crude extract showed high antioxidant activity (ICso* 143.9 $ 3.3) when evaluated with a DPPH radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, the crude extract was divided into water and diethyl ether layers. The water fraction exhibited high antioxidant activity (51.8 ÷ 1.5) compared to the diethyl ether fraction (137.6 ÷ 0.6). Chemical constituents of the fractions were investigated, and 7 compounds were isolated from the water fraction, and 6 compounds were isolated from the diethyl ether fraction using chromatography including HPLC. The three compounds, rutin, a coumarin derivative, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, were identified based on the spectroscopic data including NMR and MS. For the other remaining compounds, spectroscopic data analysis for chemical structure determination continues.
The fern plant Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. belongs to the Woodsiaceae family and its leaves are used to treat diarrhea, soft-tissue injuries, and external injuries. Investigations of the compounds obtained from the plasmin-inhibitory-active extracts of W. ilvensis led to the isolation of two undescribed maleimide N-glycosides, an undescribed stilbenoid glycoside, and five undescribed acetylated flavonol bisdesmosides, together with 19 known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of the sugar moieties were determined via HPLC after acid hydrolysis. Among the isolated compounds, some flavonoids and stilbenoid glycosides exhibited plasmin-inhibitory activity.
The perennial herb Oxytropis trichophysa is found in Central Asia, including Mongolia, and has been used for centuries to treat bacterial fever, inflammation, bone fractures, arthritis, and head and chest wounds. We are interested in this plant primarily because rodents hoard their aerial portions as food in their nests, and animals eat them well in the winter. In our prior investigation, an extract with 80% acetone also demonstrated strong anti-plasmodium action. Therefore, the current research intends to extract and characterize the chemical components of O. trichophysa and to further explore their biological activities. In the winter of 2021, 275 g of dried O. trichophysa roots were collected from the Duut soum area of the Hovd province of Mongolia. The roots were macerated with 3.6 L of acetone - water (4:1) and then evaporated in vacuo. The evaporated extract was suspended in water and chromatographed a lot on an open column and preparative HPLC to obtain pure chemicals. Primarily using 1D and 2D NMR, the chemical structures of isolated substances were clarified. Utilizing a modified version of the DPPH free radical scavenging test, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed. Additionally, the disk diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial efficacy of each extract using three bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus are gram-positive strains, while Escherichia coli is a gram-negative form of bacteria. As a results, total of 27 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have been isolated from the roots of O. trichophysa. The structural elucidation of some compounds has been carried out at Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University in Japan due to a lack of instruments required to determine chemical structures more precisely. In terms of biological activity, the roots collected in winter (IC50: 107.23.2 mg/ml) and summer (IC50: 117.23.1 mg/ml) showed moderate antioxidant activity. The diethyl ether fractions significantly inhibited S. aureus (16.2 mm), S. epidermidis (19.9 mm) and M. luteus (19.0 mm). Furthermore, at the Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, we planned and prepared samples of extracts and isolated compounds to investigate the anti-plasmodium activity.
Scutellaria scordiifolia Fisch. ex Schrank is used to treat various inflammatory diseases and other ailments in traditional and contemporary medicine. In this study, 10 undescribed compounds, including a flavanone (1), four chrysin C-glycosides (2–5), a phenanthrene glucoside (6), four iridoid glucosides (7–10) and 31 known compounds were identified from an extract of the aerial parts of S. scordiifolia. The absolute configurations of sugars in C-glycosides were determined by comparing electric circular dichroism spectra with calculated data. The flavanones (1 and 17), flavonols (11–13), flavone (14), and some of the flavone glucuronides (15, 16) exhibited trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma congolense. The activity data and quantitative HPLC analysis of flavonoids from the aerial parts of S. scordiifolia suggest that they may effectively treat diseases caused by the aforementioned trypanosomes. Other compounds such as novel iridoids and phenanthrene glycosides, which may be useful for chemophenetic and chemoecological discussions, were also identified.
Background and Objective: The herb Scabiosa comosa (SC) is a herbal medicine used in both Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine for liver disease. The previous studies show the presence of flavonoids and other high anti-oxidant compounds which may exert anti-inflammatory effects. This study is devoted to evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of the aerial part of Scabiosa comosa (SC) based on their bioactive compound contained and in vivo model. Materials and Methods: Bioactive compound estimation is based on a total phenolic compound and flavonoid content, according to Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium trichloride reagent methods, respectively. In vivo experiments, acute pulmonary inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and carrageenan-induced paw edema models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of SC. Results: The total phenolic compound and content were 626.4±1.4 μg EGA mg–1 and flavonoid content was 3.3±0.3 μg EQ mg–1. The SC significantly reduced the volume of the hind paw after the injection of carrageenan at 120 min. The SC showed fewer histopathological changes such as haemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration and alveolar edema after the injection of LPS. In addition, SC considerably reduced the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) while upregulating the plasma level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Conclusion: Overall, the study defines SC as a potential anti-inflammatory agent against LPS and carrageenan-induced inflammation.
Quorum sensing (QS) is an important microbial signaling system that controls the expression of many virulence genes. Combination treatment with QS inhibitors and antibiotics may be the new treatment option for infectious diseases in the future. Therefore, there is an increasing need to discover anti-QS compounds to prevent antimicrobial resistance. We isolated methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside from Scabiosa comosa and found that it exerts an anti-QS activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 without exhibiting any antimicrobial activity.
For the last few decades, extracellular biosynthesis of nanoparticles has attracted a considerable amount of interest due to its cost-effective, eco-friendly process. In this study, extracellular biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was carried out using culture medium supernatant of S.aurantiogriseus, actinomycetes isolated from plant. The biosynthesis of CuO NPs was conducted under different concentrations of precursor and was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer which presented peaks between 264- and 271 nm. The band gap energies of CuO NPs biosynthesized from 10, 50, 100, 150mM concentrations of precursors were calculated using Tauc plot method to be 4.768, 4.87, 5.02, 4.92 eV respectively. The presence of active proteins in supernatant before and after biosynthesis was identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). The average hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles were determined by Photon cross correlation spectroscopy (PCCS) to be 300 nm when 10 mM and 50 mM precursors were used. Meanwhile, biosynthesized nanoparticles using 100 mM and 150 mM concentrations of precursor had diameters of 215 nm and 245 nm. The crystalline nature and surface morphology were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM), which proved CuO NP as roughly spherical in shape and amorphous in nature
Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with low rainfall, dry weather, and wind, and a wide temperature variance between day and night, not only in winter and summer. There are abundant biological resources in Mongolia, especially pastures and forage plants that have adapted to harsh natural and climatic conditions. To reveal wild pasture plants which are cold-resistant, have a short vegetation period, and early germinated in spring, we started to screen 149 plants of 28 families for germination rate. Seeds collected from many Mongolian different regions were placed in Petri dishes in two layers of filter paper moistened with tap water and incubated at 4 ̊C dark condition for 2 days for vernalization. Then, the seed was transferred to a biotron with a 22 ̊C temperature, 16-h light/8-h condition, and was examined germination daily for 7 days. As a result of the study, 54 species of 16 families were identified to show quick germination within 24 hours. 22 species of 9 families germinated during a seed vernalization phase with dark and 4°C conditions and most of them were Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae, and Compositae. Our experimental results were similar to reports that plants of the Gramineae family germinated earlier in spring.
Mongolian Gobi Desert has mountains, rivers, and most importantly oasis. The oasis of the Gobi are critical to wildlife and many plants. South Gobi has an extremely hot climate and very few underground and surface water areas covered with plants. Evaporation of water combined with hot weather allows salt accumulation under the soil. Stress-tolerant plants had adapt and grow to these extreme conditions. In order to observe and investigate stress-tolerant plants and their growth conditions, we conducted field experiments in the South Gobi area of Mongolia. A number of plants in the Gobi Desert survive on little water spot area and extremely salty soil. The plants Reaumuria, Kalidium, Phragmites, Halogeton and Tamarix mainly survived in extremely salty soil in the end of May. This indicates that all those plants germinated early. Early germination of Reaumuria and Tamarix has been reported in laboratory experiments. A soil and surrounding water that has been grown in a resistant plant was also measured for sodium ion concentration, pH, and conductivity. These plant-grown soils were identified as having high sodium ion concentrations in comparison to surrounding water and other plants-grown soils. This led us to identify that these plants are capable of surviving in salinity soil. There were also visible salt crystals on the leaf surface. The study of growth and stress tolerance needs to be conducted in more detail.
This study is devoted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of aerial part of Scabiosa comosa using chemical evaluation and in vivo model of inflammation. The herb Scabiosa comosa Fischer ex Roemer & Schultes (SC) is perennial plant with basal leaf rosettes and leafy stems, one of the two species plants that grown in Mongolia which belongs the genus Scabiosa. The Scabiosa species are significant due their application in traditional medicine systems but also due to their richness in bioactive compounds. In this study the of aerial part of SC extracted in ethanol and evaporated with rotary vacuum evaporator and air dried. For in vivo study, the crude extract was solubilized in distilled water immediately before animal administration. In the chemical evaluation, total phenolic compound content and flavonoid content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminum trichloride reagent methods were used respectively. The result showed presence of phenolic compound with high amount (626.4±1.4 μg EGA/mg) and less amount of flavonoid (3.3±0.3 μg EQ/mg). In vivo model, Carrageenan-induced paw edema and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute pulmonary inflammation models were assessed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of SC. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, rats were taken SC (190mg/kg) and diclofenac (50mg/kg), prior to assessment, 5 days consecutively by oral gavage. Hind paw edema was formed by injection of 1% solution of Carrageenan via tail vein. The hind paw volume increased suddenly and reached its peak at 120 minutes after injection. The hind paw volume of pretreated with SC and diclofenac groups were showed less changes compared to non-treated group.
Environmental adaptation and growth of Mongolian pasture plants Bolortuya Byambajav1, Bujin Baldorj1, Battsetseg Batsukh1, Namuunaa Ganbayar2, Tadao Asami3, Takeshi Nakano1,2, Batkhuu Javzan1, Davaapurev Bekh-Ochir1 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, 2Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 3Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo by.bolortuya@gmail.com Keywords: Germination, Environmental stress, Pasture plants Abstract: Mongolia is mainly engaged in animal husbandry with traditional nomadic culture. This culture is still conserved and based on wild plant resources even during harsh climate. As approximately 90% of the livestock rely on natural pastureland for their feed especially surviving extremely cold winter. Natural plant resources are situated in harsh and continental climates with wide temperature range between four season, even as it occurs between day and night. As the summer in Mongolian grass field is very short, almost plants have prepared to grow so quick with small amount of rain in the short-termed warm days. In order to survive in Mongolian growing season, almost plants had promoted the evolution of the specific gene to adapt for extreme temperatures and little rain. To discover useful molecular mechanisms and novel genes from Mongolian plants, we are starting to analyze germination test and physiological character of 120 pasture species. Currently, 21 species including with 8 well eatable plants for livestock were identified to show germination within 48 hours. In particular, Bassia dasyphylla, Salsola monoptera, and S.pestifera were obtained by germinated during a seed vernalization phase with water in the dark and 4℃ condition in 2days after the treatment. Moreover, 8 well eatable plants were showed more than 3 times faster shoot growth compared with commercial crops such as rice and wheat. In early experiment of environmental stress tolerance ability of pasture plants, we observed that 3 species showed strong resistance against salinity stress. Specially, leaf succulence was occurred in B. dasyphylla after NaCl treatment for 3 weeks. Furthermore, Artemisia Sieversiana and S.pestifera were showed stronger resistance against heat stress than Arabidopsis thaliana. More detail characterization of growth and stress tolerances such as drought, alkali stresses in quick germinated plants are in progress. In our joint research, we have identified and isolated a biologically active compound from A. Sieversiana used in traditional medicine. In recent years, the annual growth has decreased to the highest level due to environmental changes. Therefore, plant cultivation technology is necessary to grow pharmacological useful plants rather than natural resources. Callus cultures offer a wide range of uses in pharmacology and agriculture. To cultivate callus cultures and isolate biologically active compound from cultured callus from A. Sieversiana, we have started to induce callus formation in A. Sieversiana.
With the aim to find endophytic actinomycetes that synthesize bioactive compounds over 800 strains were isolated from 53 desert plants of the Gobi-Sumber, Umnugobi, Dundgobi, Dornogobi, Bayankhongor, and Gobi-Altai provinces of Mongolia. The HPLC study of strains with high anti-quorum sensing and antibacterial activities revealed that they produced flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Molecular diversity evaluated with 16S rRNA gene sequences of 123 strains showed that they belonged to 12 genera: Streptomyces, Promicromonospora, Micromonospora, Streptosporangium, Kribbella, Pseudonocardia, Nocardia, Micromonospora, Saccharothrix, Friedmanniella, Actinocatenispora, and Geodermatophilus, the latter two genera were registered in Mongolia for the first time. Moreover, the genus Actinocatenispora was isolated from plants for the first time.
Abstract A novel actinomycete, designated NUM-2625T, was isolated as an endophytic bacterium in aerial parts of Comarum salesowianum, an endemic species in the Altai, Himalaya mountain chain area, collected from Khasagt Khairkhan Mountain in Mongolia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NUM-2625T showed the highest similarity to Actinocatenispora thailandica TT2-10T (99.4 %), Actinocatenispora sera KV-744T (99.3 %), and Actinocatenispora rupis CS5-AC17T (97.7 %). Chemotaxonomic properties of strain NUM-2625T were essentially consistent with those of the genus Actinocatenispora, such as the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6) as the major menaquinones, and iso-C 16 : 0, iso-C 15 : 0, iso-C 14 : 0 3-OH, and anteiso-C 17 : 0 as the major fatty acids. Meanwhile, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values revealed a low relatedness between strain NUM-2625T and the other type strains of the genus Actinocatenispora. In addition, strain NUM-2625T exhibited several phenotypic properties that could be used to distinguish it from its closest relatives. Based on the results of polyphasic analyses, strain NUM-2625T represents a novel species in the genus Actinocatenispora, for which the name Actinocatenispora comari sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NUM-2625T (=NBRC 114660T=TBRC 13496T).
Plants in Mongolian grasslands are exposed to short, dry summers and long, cold winters. These plants should be prepared for fast germination and growth activity in response to the limited summer rainfall. Here, we identified the Chloris virgata Dornogovi accession as the fastest germinating plant in major Mongolian grassland plants. It germinated just 5 h after treatment for germination initiation and showed rapid growth, especially in its early and young development stages. This indicates its high growth potential compared to grass crops such as rice and wheat. By assessing growth recovery after animal bite treatment (mimicked by cutting the leaves with scissors), we found that C. virgata could rapidly regenerate leaves after being damaged, suggesting high regeneration potential against grazing. To analyze the regulatory mechanism involved in the high growth potential of C. virgata, we performed RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis and illustrated a comprehensive gene expression map of the species. Through de novo transcriptome assembly with the RNA-seq reads from whole organ samples of C. virgata at the germination stage (2 days after germination, DAG), early-young development stage (8 DAG), young development stage (17 DAG), and adult development stage (28 DAG), we identified 21,589 unified transcripts (contigs) and found that 19,346 and 18,156 protein-coding transcripts were homologous to those in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. The best-aligned sequences were annotated with gene ontology groups. When comparing the transcriptomes across developmental stages, we found an over-representation of genes involved in growth regulation in the early development stage in C. virgata. Plant development is tightly regulated by phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Moreover, our transcriptome map demonstrated the expression profiles of orthologs involved in the biosynthesis of these phytohormones and their signaling networks. We discuss the possibility that C. virgata phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis genes regulate early germination and growth advantages. Comprehensive transcriptome information will provide a useful resource for gene discovery and facilitate a deeper understanding of the diversity of the regulatory systems that have evolved in C. virgata while adapting to severe environmental conditions.
Монгол оронд ургадаг эмийн ургамал болох бактерийн эсрэг өндөр идэвхтэй Монгол догар (Caryopteris mongolica Bge.) ургамлын үндэсний фармакопейн өгүүлэл боловсруулах зорилгоор энэхүү судалгааг хийв. Судалгааны хүрээнд тухайн ургамлын гадна байдал тодорхойлох, анатомийн бүтэц тодорхойлох (ялган таних), фармакогнозын тоон үзүүлэлтүүд тодорхойлох, микробиологийн цэвэршилтийн зэрэглэл тодорхойлох туршилтуудыг гүйцэтгэв. Монгол догар ургамлын үндэс нь гадна байдлын хувьд хүрэн өнгөтэй, модожсон бүдүүн, олон тооны салбарласан үндэстэй, үнэргүй, гашуун амттай байв. Анатомийн бүтцийг уламжлалт аргаар гэрлийн микроскоп ашиглан нарийвчлан тодорхойлов. Фармакогнозын тоон үзүүлэлтээр Монгол догарын үндэсний чийг 7.88%, үнслэг 11%, сулруулсан хлортустөрөгчид уусдаггүй үнс 1.45%, нэрсэн усанд хандлаглах бодис 12.73% буюу эмийн ургамлын түүхий эдэд тавигдах ерөнхий шаардлагыг хангаж байв. Микробиологийн цэвэршилтийн зэрэглэлийг тодорхойлоход Монгол догарын үндсэнд агаартан бактери, хөгц мөөгөнцөр, Enterobacteriaceae болон бусад грам сөрөг бактерийн тоо заагдсан хэмжээнээс хэтрээгүй, Escherichia coli болон Salmonella бактери огт илрээгүй буюу эмийн түүхий эдийн микробиологийн цэвэршилтийн 1-р зэрэглэлийн 4б шаардлагад тохирч буй нь тогтоогдов.
Abstract A chemical investigation of Artemisia sieversiana, one of the Mongolian wild pasture forage plants led to the isolation and identification of 15 compounds. We revealed that lignan type compounds dominantly contained in spring samples and lignans, terpenoids, flavonoids in summer samples, terpenoids, flavnoids, chlorogenic acid derivatives in autumn sample. Six of them lignans (1-6), three chlorogenic acid derivatives (7-9), and six flavonoids (10-15) were isolated from A. sieversiana.
Artemisia sieversiana is an annual herbaceous plant distributed throughout Central and East Eurasia and is regarded as an undesirable forage plant in Mongolia. It affects livestock, so information about its chemical composition is needed. We isolated three new sesquiterpenoids (1–3) and known compounds from A. sieversiana and investigated their activities. The absolute configuration of 1 was established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography, and its configuration differed from those of reported compounds with similar structures. Two additional new sesquiterpenoids (2 and 3) with similar structures were identified, and their configurations were determined. The trypanocidal activities of the isolated compounds (1–18) against Trypanosoma congolense and the pathogen responsible for fatal trypanosomosis in animals were estimated. Flavonoids and lignans were identified as active compounds with IC50 values ranging from 2.9 to 90.2 µM
モンゴル草原植物Chloris virgataと Arabidopsis mongolicaの成長と環境適応機構の解析 Characterization of growth and environmental adaptation for Mongolian plants Chloris virgata and Arabidopsis mongolica Bolortuya Byambajav1,2, Ayumi Yamagami1, Davaapurev Bekh-Ochir2, Udval Gombosuren3, Jigjidsuren Sodnomdarjaa3, Battogtokh Tugsjargal3, Batkhuu Javzan2, Tadao Asami4, Takeshi Nakano1,2 1Grad. Biostudies. Kyoto Univ, 2National Univ. of Mongolia, 3Res. Ins. of Ani. Husb, 4 Dept. Appl. Biol. Chem. Univ. of Tokyo, Mongolia is covered by a high elevation grass field that has a long tradition of raising livestock in the vast territory. As the summer in Mongolia grass field is very short, almost plants have prepared to grow so quick with a small amount of rain. The Gobi is a wide desert area in Southern Mongolia. In order to survive in Gobi, almost plants had promoted the evolution of the specific gene to adapt to extreme temperatures and little rain. To discover novel and useful genes from Mongolian plants, we started to analyze physiological character of plant growing in Gobi. Chloris virgata had been identified as the fastest germination plant from the Mongolian plant seed stock bank. In the adult growth stage, Chloris virgata showed many branch phenotype as over 50 branches from one seed. Also, Chloris virgata showed stronge re-growth ability. After 5 times cutting that is a mimic of an animal bite, Chloris virgata could regrowth branch. Chloris virgata also showed stress resistant phenotype. In the highlight stress (800 mE), Chloris virgata could survive for 7 weeks but wheat and rice growth were significantly inhibited by the highlight. In the salinity stress (NaCl 200-400mM), Chloris virgata showed stronger resistance against salt stress than wheat and rice. Chloris virgata could form salty drops in the leaf surface that would be drained by salt gland. Chlorophyll contents of Chloris virgata in NaCl 250 mM were as same as nontreated Chloris virgata, but chlorophyll content of wheat and rice in NaCl 250 mM were decreased to be less 35% of nontreated condition. Besides, Chloris virgata could survive for a week drought stress in soil and 3 weeks of 350 mM mannitol treatment. In the 350 mM mannitol, chlorophyll content of wheat and rice were significantly decreased to be 25% of normal plant, but Chloris virgata didn’t decrease. Arabidopsis mongolica was grown and collected on the rocky mountain which is 2815 m above the sea level. In our early experiment of Arabidopsis mongolica, in the Gobi area Arabidopsis mongolica could survive under the 0 degree. To analyze the heat stress resistance of Arabidopsis mongolica, plants were treated in 42oC for an hour and grew back in 22oC for a week. After heat treatment, Arabidopsis thaliana has completely died, but Arabidopsis mongolica could survive and keep growing. Also, Arabidopsis mongolica showed high resistance against drought stress for 3 weeks on the soil. Detail characterization of Chloris virgata and Arabidopsis mongolica are in progress.
Mongolia is covered by high elevation grass field that has a long tradition of raising livestock. As the summer in Mongolia grass field is very short, almost plants have prepared to grow so quick with small amount of rain. Gobi is the wide desert area in Southern Mongolia. In order to survive in Gobi, almost plants had promoted evolution of the specific genes to adapt for extreme temperatures and a little rain. To discover novel and useful genes from Mongolian plants, we are starting to analyze physiological character of plant in Gobi. <i>Chloris virgata</i> was identified as the fastest germination plant from Mongolian plant seed stock bank. <i>Chloris virgata</i> showed stronger re-growth ability after 5 times cutting than wheat and rice. <i>Chloris virgata</i> showed high resistance against highlight stress (800 E), drought stress mimicked by mannitol, salinity stress with NaCl (250 mM). <i>Arabidopsis mongolica</i> was found in the rocky mountain of Gobi. <i>Arabidopsis mongolica</i> could survive under the 0 degree and showed stronger resistance to heat stress (420 C, 1 hr) than <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Detail characterization of <i>Chloris virgate</i> and <i>Arabidopsis mongolica</i> are in progress.
Trypanocidal activity of 2,5-diphenyloxazoles isolated from the roots of Oxytropis lanata O. Banzragchgarava, T. Murataa, G. Odontuyab, B. Buyankhishigc, K. Suganumad, B. Davaapurevc, N. Inoued, J. Batkhuuc, K. Sasakia aTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan bInstitute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS, Ulaanbaatar 13330, Mongolia cNational University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia dObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Oxytropis lanata (Pall.) DC. is a perennial herb belonging to the family Fabaceae. Seventy-eight species of Oxytropis, including O. lanata, distributed in the territory of Mongolia, have been characterized as traditional Mongolian and Tibetan medicinal plants. In this study,1 2,5-diphenyloxazoles (1-11) were isolated from the roots of O. lanata together with six known isoflavonoid derivatives. Seven of the oxazoles (3-9) are new, and four (1, 2, 10, and 11) have not previously been identified as natural products. The inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against Trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of African trypanosomosis in animals. Recently, a trypanosome strain was isolated from a dourine horse in Mongolia and was established as a new reference strain of T. equiperdum. Oxazoles with di- and trihydroxy groups showed trypanocidal activity, and 2-(2',3'-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(2″-hydroxyphenyl) oxazole (4) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.0 μM). Animal husbandry, which is an important sector of the Mongolian economy, is characterized as producing ecologically pure products. Thus, livestock health is important for product quality, and damage to livestock caused by trypanosomoses is a serious problem both for the livelihood of the population and for the national economy. The determination of trypanocidal compounds from native Mongolian plants is important from a veterinary point of view and also contributes to the characterization of unique phytochemical features of the flora.
Growth and environmental adaptation of Mongolian plants Chloris virgata and Arabidopsis mongolica B.Bolortuya1,2, A.Yamagami1, B.Davaapurev2, G.Udval3, S.Jigjidsuren3, T.Battogtokh3, J.Batkhuu2, T.Asami4, K.Shinozaki1, T.Nakano1 1RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan 2National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia 3Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia 4The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Mongolia is covered by high elevation grass field that has a long tradition of raising livestock in the vast territory. As the summer in Mongolia grass field is very short, almost plants have prepared to grow so quick with small amount of rain in the short-termed warm days. The Gobi is the wide desert area in Southern Mongolia. In order to survive in Gobi, almost plants had promoted the evolution ofthe specific gene to adapt for extreme temperatures and little rain. To discover novel and useful genes from Mongolian plants, we started to analyze physiological character of plant growing in Gobi. To identify the fastest growing speed plant, Chloris virgatahad been identified as the fastest germination plant from Mongolian plant seed stock bank. In the highlight stress condition (800 E), Chloris virgatacould survive for 7 weeks after germination. In the salinity stress (NaCl 200 mM), Chloris virgata showed stronger resistance than wheat and rice. Furthermore, Chloris virgata showed higher re-growth ability after 4 times cutting that mimic animal bite than wheat and rice. Other species of Arabidopsis named by Arabidopsis mongolica is found in rocky mountain which is 2815 m above the sea level.In our early experiment of Arabidopsis mongolica, we identified that Arabidopsis mongolica could survive under the 0 degree and showed stronger resistance to heat stress than Arabidopsis thaliana.
Abstract Pulsatilla species are known as “Yargui”, and their flowers are traditionally used in Mongolia as a tonic and for the treat ment of inflammatory diseases. By chemical investigation of P. flavescen flowers, 21 flavonoids, including a new chalcone C-glucoside, chalconaringenin 2'-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-5'-ß-d-glucopyranoside, and two new flavanone C-glucosides, (2R)- and (2S)-naringenin 8-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-4'-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, were isolated. The absolute configurations of the seven flavanone glucosides were elucidated by ECD spectra. For the isolated compounds, inhibitory activity against Babe sia caballi and Theileria equi, which cause fatal diseases in horses, was estimated. Although most of the isolated chalcone and flavanone derivatives did not show any anti-piroplasm activity, all the isolated flavone and flavonol derivatives showed moderate effects against B. caballi and/or T. equi. Keywords Pulsatilla flavescen · Yargui · Flavonoids · Anti-piroplasma activity
Актиномицет нь хөрс болон ургамлын дотор амьдардаг, грам эерэг бактерийн бүлэгт багтдаг бөгөөд янз бүрийн хэлбэрийн утаслаг буюу гиф үүсгэж үрждэг микроорганизм юм [5]. Актиномицет нь фотосинтезээс бусад метаболизмын бүхий л хэлбэрийг явуулдаг бөгөөд хоёрдогч метаболитуудыг ихээр ялгаруулдаг байна [3]. Дэлхий дээр мэдэгдэж буй 10,000 гаруй антибиотикийн 70 гаруй хувийг актиномицетээс гарган авсан бөгөөд бидний сайн мэдэх антибиотикууд болох эритромицин, канамицин, гентамицин, тетрациклин, стрептомицин зэргийг актиномицетээс гарган авчээ. Мөн актиномицет нь антибиотикоос гадна хавдрын эсрэг бэлдмэл, иммунорепрессор агент, зарим төрлийн фермент зэрэг биологийн идэвхит нэгдлийг нийлэгжүүлдэг болох нь тогтоогджээ (Bull and Stach, 2005; Cragg et al., 2005; Kim and Garson 2005; GenilloudO et al, 2017). Ангилал зүйн хувьд актиномицет нь Actinobacteria гэж нэрлэгдэх бактерийн бүлгийн хамгийн том ангид хамаарагддаг бөгөөд 6 баг, 39 овог, 130 төрөлтэй нь тогтоогджээ (Barka et al., 2015). Шинжлэх ухааны хурдацтай хөгжлийн үр дүнд шинэ эмчилгээний аргууд, эмийн бүтээгдэхүүнүүд дэлхийн зах зээлд нийлүүлэгдэж, хүн төрөлхтний эмийн хэрэглээ цар хүрээгээ тэлсээр байгаа билээ. Энэхүү хурдацтай хөгжлийн хэрээр бидний хүрээлэн буй орчинд амьдарч өвчин үүсгэдэг олон төрлийн нянгууд эмийн нөлөөнд цаашлаад ариутгалын бодисд хүртэл тэсвэртэй болж хувьсан өөрчлөгдөж байгаа нь анхаарал татсан асуудлуудын нэг болоод байна. Нөгөө талаас аливаа өвчний үед антибиотикийг эмчийн зааваргүй, их тунгаар замбараагүй хэрэглэх зэрэг нь өвчин үүсгэгч микроорганизмын антибиотикт тэсвэртэй болох нөхцлийг бүрдүүлж байна. Иймээс антибиотикт тэсвэржин, олон эмэнд дасал болсон өвчин үүсгэгчдийг дарангуйлах байгалийн гаралтай шинэ эм бэлдмэлийг ургамал, микроорганизмаас нээж илрүүлэх нь чухал болоод байна. Ялангуяа орчин үед хэрэглэгдэх эмийн бэлдмэлүүд нь өвчин үүсгэгч микроорганизмын геномд үйлчилдэг тэр тусмаа өвчин үүсгэх буюу хоруу чанарыг нөхцөлдүүлэгч генийн нийлэгжлийг дарангуйлах үйлчилгээ үзүүлдэг байх шаардлагатай болж байна (Motomura, 2011). Дэлхийн эрүүл мэндийн байгууллагын хийсэн судалгаагаар халдварт өвчнөөр өвчлөгсдийн тоо нь дэлхий дахины нас баралтын хоёрдох том шалтгаан болж байгааг тогтоожээ (WHO 2002, Luzhetskyy et al. 2007). Тухайлбал, олон эмэнд тэсвэртэй Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: MDRP), метициллинд тэсвэртэй стафилакокк (Methicillin-resistant Staphylаcoccus aureus: MRSA), ванкомицинд тэсвэртэй энтерококк (VRE-Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci) зэрэг өвчин үүсгэгчид эмэнд дасал болох нь тухайн микроорганизмаар үүсгэгдсэн аюулт халдварт өвчнийг эмчлэх боломжгүйд хүрч улмаар амь насаа алдахад хүргэж буй нь тулгамдсан асуудлуудын нэг болоод байна. Бичил биетнүүд гадны сөрөг хүчин зүйлээс өөрийгөө хамгаалах, дасан зохицохын тулд биофилм гэж нэрлэгддэг полисахаридан бүрхүүл үүсгэх, протеаза фермент нийлэгжүүлэх, эзэн эсийн лейкоцитийг үхүүлдэг рамнолипид ялгаруулах, пигмент үүсгэх зэрэг хариу урвал үзүүлдэг. Бичил биетний эдгээр гадны нөлөөнд тэсвэржих процесс нь ауто-өдөөгч (auto-inducer)-ийн экспрессээр идэвхиждэг Quorum sensing (QS) механизмаар зохицуулагддаг. Энэхүү механизм нь грам сөрөг бактеруудад n-ацилхомосерин лактон (AHL), грам эерэг бактеруудад олигопептидээр идэвхиждэг (Louise D et al. 2012). Бичил биетнүүдийн биомассд биофилм үүссэнээр эмэнд тэсвэрлэх чадвар нь 100-1000 дахин нэмэгдэхээс гадна эзэн эсийн дархлааны системд тэсвэртэй болж тухайн өвчин архагших үндэс болдог байна (Micheal Givskov, 2012). Монгол орон нь эрс тэс уур амьсгал, говь хангай хосолсон байгалийн өвөрмөц тогтоцоо дагаад биологийн төрөл зүйлүүд нь генетик физиологийн хувьд онцлог, давтагдашгүй байдаг. Биологийн нөөцөө орчин үеийн дэвшилтэт арга технологийг ашиглан нарийвчлан судалж, улмаар хэрэглээнд нэвтрүүлснээр байгалийн гаралтай бүтээгдэхүүний хэрэглээг нэмэгдүүлэх, Монгол улсын шинжлэх ухааны үнэлэмжийг дээшлүүлэх цаашлаад улс орны эдийн засгийг чадавхижуулахад үнэтэй хувь нэмэр оруулах юм. Иймээс Монгол орны хөрс болон ургамлын актиномицетээс өвчин үүсгэгч микроорганизмын антибиотикт тэсвэрлэх чадварыг нөхцөлдүүлэгч генийн нийлэгжлийг дарангуйлах үйлчилгээтэй биологийн идэвхит нэгдлийг олж илрүүлэхэд бидний судалгааны ажлын гол зорилго оршино.
МОНГОЛ ОРНЫ УРГАМЛААС ЯЛГАСАН ЭНДОФИТ АКТИНОМИЦЕТИЙН БИОЛОГИЙН ИДЭВХИЙН СУДАЛГАА Б.Даваапүрэв1, Н.Оюунбилэг1, Ф.Като1,2, Ж.Батхүү1 1Монгол Улсын Их Сургууль, Хэрэглээний Шинжлэх Ухаан, Инженерчлэлийн Сургууль 2Тохо Их Сургууль Холбоо барих хаяг: jbatkhuu@num.edu.mn Актиномицет нь хөрс болон ургамлын дотор амьдардаг, грам эерэг бактерийн бүлэгт багтдаг бөгөөд биологийн идэвхит олон төрлийн хоёрдогч метаболитыг нийлэгжүүлдэг микроорганизм юм. Дэлхий дээр мэдэгдэж буй 10,000 гаруй антибиотикийн 70 гаруй хувийг актиномицетээс гарган авсан бөгөөд сүүлийн үеийн судалгаануудын дүнд ургамлаас ялгасан актинотицет нь биологийн идэвхит нэгдлийг ихээр нийлэгжүүлдэг болох нь тогтоогдоод байна. Өвчин үүсгэгч бичил биетнүүд нь гадны сөрөг хүчин зүйлээс өөрийгөө хамгаалах, дасан зохицохын тулд биофилм гэж нэрлэгддэг полисахаридан бүрхүүл үүсгэх, протеаза фермент нийлэгжүүлэх, эзэн эсийн лейкоцитийг үхүүлдэг рамнолипид ялгаруулах, пигмент үүсгэх зэрэг хариу урвал үзүүлдэг. Бичил биетний эдгээр гадны нөлөөнд тэсвэржих процесс нь ауто-өдөөгчийн тусламжтай идэвхиждэг куорум сенсинг (Quorum sensing, QS) механизмаар зохицуулагддаг. Монгол орон нь эрс тэс уур амьсгал, говь хангай хосолсон байгалийн өвөрмөц тогтоцтой бөгөөд түүхэн хөгжлийн явцад энэ байгаль, цаг уурын хатуу ширүүн нөхцөлд дасан зохицон амьдарч ирсэн биологийн төрөл зүйлүүд нь генетик, физиологийн хувьд онцлог, давтагдашгүй юм. Бидний судалгааны ажлын гол зорилго нь Монгол орны ургамлаас ялгасан актиномицетээс бактерийн эсрэг болон өвчин үүсгэгч микроорганизмын антибиотикт тэсвэрлэх чадварыг бууруулах буюу куорум сенсинг дарангуйлах идэвхитэй нэгдлийг олж илрүүлэхэд оршино. Бид энэхүү судалгааны хүрээнд Монгол орны янз бүрийн бүс бүслүүрээс түүж цуглуулсан 50 зүйл ургамлын дээжнээс 533 актиномицетийн өсгөвөр ялгаад байгаа бөгөөд үүнээс 74 өсгөвөр нь бактерийн эсрэг идэвхи, 14 өсгөвөр нь куорум сенсинг дарангуйлах идэвхи үзүүлээд байна. Идэвхи үзүүлсэн өсгөврүүд дээр 16S rRNA секвенсийн анализын аргыг ашиглан зүйлийн бүрдлийг нь тодорхойлох судалгааг эхлүүлээд байгаа бөгөөд цаашид энэхүү судалгааны үр дүн дээр тулгуурлан ургамал болон микроорганизм хоорондын харилцан шүтэлцээг тогтоох нь чухал хэмээн үзэж байна. Тглхүүр үг: Эндофит актиномицет, ургамал, куорум сенсинг механизм, бактерийн эсрэг идэвхи
