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A total of 114 Mongolian plant species were subjected to cytotoxicity screening against liver (HepG2), colon (HCT116), breast (MCF7), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. Among 18 them, ethanolic extracts of Androsace incana, Artemisia rutifolia, Saussurea amara, and Inula salsoloides exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity, with IC50 values below 1.5 μg/mL against at least 2 tested cell lines when treated for 48 hours. Erysimum flavum, Juniperus sibirica, 21 and Stellaria dichotoma demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against specific cancer cell lines. Extracts from 23 plant species, such as Artemisia xerophytica, Ajania trifida, Melandrium brachypetalum, Brachanthemum mongolicum, and Rhinanthus songaricus, 24 showed moderate toxicity. Further research on the phytochemicals and biological activities of these species is crucial for a deeper understanding and potential applications. This screening results of the cytotoxic effects of numerous Mongolian plants could establish a 27 foundational dataset for subsequent comprehensive studies on the screened plants.
Background: Development of diagnostic assays for HDV is very limited due to its disproportional prevalence worldwide. There is no commercially available quantitative anti-HDV ELISA kit. Aim: In this study, we have developed a chemiluminescence-based quantitative ELISA using the chemical immobilization method, that enhances the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test. Methods: Recombinant His-tagged S-HDAg antigen was produced in E.coli and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. The purified S-HDAg was immobilized on the polystyrene plate with APTES for the construction of the ELISA kit. A series of experiments were done to determine the optimal assay condition. The standard polyclonal anti-HDV antibody samples were prepared from HDV-infected human serum and used as standards in quantification analysis. To determine the characteristics of the assay, serum samples from 247 people including 120 patients with HDV/HBV infection (HDV RNA and HBsAg positive), and 127 healthy people (Anti-HCV and HBsAg negative) were analyzed. Results: In the frame of the applied settings, the optimal ELISA assay parameters are: serum dilution 1:10, secondary Ab dilution 1:60000, 20 min incubation at 37C, 1 min luminescence reaction and 30 min total test duration. The calibration curve was generated from serially diluted standards (20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01 lg/ml R2=0.9851). The ROC analysis shows the confidence of the assay (optimal cut-off point=5.62 lg/ml, AUC=0.9968, 95%CI 0.9932 to 1.00005 (p\0.001). The specificity, sensitivity and LOQ were calculated (96.85 %, 96.67 %, 3.52 lg/ml). Conclusion: The ELISA assay developed by chemical immobilization shows confidence in quantitative analysis of HDV-Ab.
The sexual transmission of HDV is largely speculative. There is a very limited number of studies showing solid evidence for sexual transmission of HDV. The aim of this study is to screen the presence of HDV-RNA in male seminal fluid and female cervical swab samples. Our study was conducted for a total of 61 participants, which included 31 males and 30 females. Viral RNA was isolated from the blood, seminal fluid, and cervical swab samples from the respective participants. RT-PCR analysis of HDV-RNA was done for all samples isolated from blood, seminal fluid, and cervical swab samples. The results were expressed as statistical points including odds ratios (OR), Pearson’s chi-squared test with Yates’ continuity correction, and correlation coefficient (R2). HDV-RNA detection rate is different for the samples from male and female. In the male cohort, 48.38% of seminal fluid samples were positive whereas 80% were positive for cervical swab samples from the female cohort. The data shows a statistically significant difference between genders for the presence of HDV-RNA in seminal fluid and cervical swab (OR=0.234, 95% CI= 0.749-0.7306). Also, Pearson’s chi-squared test showed that there is a sufficient association between the degree of infectiousness and gender (5.3079, df = 1, p-value = 0.02123). A significant correlation was found between blood HDV-RNA quantity and HDV-RNA presence status in cervical swab samples (R2=0.7769). However, no such significant correlation was found for males (R2=0.0163). Overall, these findings provide substantial evidence of the potential risk of sexual transmission of HDV for each gender.
The global urgency for environmentally friendly technologies has steadily intensified, and as a result, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties derived from medicinal plants traditionally used to combat bacterial infections has garnered significant interest. Goals. This research endeavors to synthesize silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants, widely recognized in traditional medicine, while elucidating their physical, chemical attributes, and biological potential. Methods. The physicochemical characteristics of these silver nanoparticles, synthesized through phytosynthesis, were meticulously examined via various analytical techniques. Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), Photon Cross Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Crystallography (XRD) were employed for comprehensive analysis. Additionally, their antitumor efficacy was assessed via MTT assay utilizing RAW264.7 cell cultures, while antibacterial properties were evaluated through agar diffusion tests against selected bacterial strains. Results. Silver nanoparticles exhibited distinctive UV/Vis absorption peaks at 407-426 nm, affirming their composition. PCCS measurements revealed nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters spanning from ~100 nm to ~450 nm, while AFM imaging showcased spherical nanoparticles ranging from ~35 nm to ~97 nm. Crystallography analysis identified both simple cubic and polycrystalline structures. FTIR analysis unveiled the presence of organic compounds adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surfaces, in addition to silver bonds. Notably, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Banzdo plants demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth via the MTT assay. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against a range of test bacteria with inhibition zones spanning 1-4 mm. Conclusion, this study successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants from traditional medicine, comprehensively characterizing their physicochemical attributes and demonstrating their biological activity. These findings hold promise for the future utilization of phytosynthetically derived silver nanoparticles. Keywords: Jidanga, Banzdo, silver nanoparticles, phytosynthesis Түлхүүр үг: Жиданга, банздо, мөнгөний нанопартикл, фитосинтез
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Jidanga and Banzdo Plant Extracts from Traditional Medicinal Sources A.Bayanmunkh1, D.Dejidmaa3, G.Oyuundelger1, O.Odgerel2, J.Boldbaatar1 1. Laboratory of food Analysis, Department of biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia 2. Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of chemical and biological engineering, School and applied science and engineering, National University of Mongolia 3. Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Applied Science and Engineering, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia. Email:boldbaatar.j@seas.num.edu.mn Abstract The global imperative for environmentally friendly technologies has grown increasingly urgent. This research endeavors to synthesize silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants, widely recognized in traditional medicine, while elucidating their physical, chemical attributes, and biological potential. The physicochemical characteristics of these silver nanoparticles, synthesized through phytosynthesis, were meticulously examined via various analytical techniques. Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), Photon Cross Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Crystallography (XRD) were employed for comprehensive analysis. Additionally, their antitumor efficacy was assessed via MTT assay utilizing RAW264.7 cell cultures, while antibacterial properties were evaluated through agar diffusion tests against selected bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles exhibited distinctive UV/Vis absorption peaks at 407-426 nm, affirming their composition. PCCS measurements revealed nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters spanning from ~100 nm to ~450 nm, while AFM imaging showcased spherical nanoparticles ranging from ~35 nm to ~97 nm. Crystallography analysis identified both simple cubic and polycrystalline structures. FTIR analysis unveiled the presence of organic compounds adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surfaces, in addition to silver bonds. Notably, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Banzdo plants demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth via the MTT assay. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against a range of test bacteria with inhibition zones spanning 1-4 mm. In conclusion, this study successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants from traditional medicine, comprehensively characterizing their physicochemical attributes and demonstrating their biological activity. These findings hold promise for the future utilization of phytosynthetically derived silver nanoparticles. Keywords: Jidanga, Banzdo, silver nanoparticles, phytosynthesis
Many plant derived compounds have been successfully employed for chemotherapy of different types of cancers explaining the endeavor of researchers worldwide for the intensive search of new anticancer agents from the nature. The purpose of this research was to identify anti-proliferative activity of an extract and fractions of Rhinanthus songaricus, which is a sub-endemic plant in Mongolia. The extract was obtained by extracting the plant with 96% ethanol three times at room temperature. Then the extract was dissolved in water and subjected to serial fractionation with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol. The anti-proliferative effect of the extract and fractions was evaluated by MTT assay on human hepatoma HepG2 and human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cell lines. The cell viability was measured after 24 hrs of treatment of the extract and the fractions. Treatments of hexane (9% comparing to negative control group), dichloromethane (6%) and ethyl acetate (9%) fractions showed the most potent cytotoxicity, while the extract (58%) and butanol fraction (62%) presented a moderate activity against HepG2 cells. On the other hand, only hexane (72%) and ethyl acetate (67%) fractions showed a moderate effect on AGS cell line. In addition, IC₅₀ values of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions on HepG2 cells were measured as 109 μg/ml, 138 μg/ml and 129 μg/ml respectively, whereas the values of the fractions were 313 μg/ml, 237 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml on AGS cells respectively. In conclusion, further investigation on active components in the fractions, their chemical structures and molecular mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect are mandatory.
Mongolia is the country with the world’s highest prevalence of hepatitis virus infections and that leads highest mortality rates of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in worldwide. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) prevalence is very limited in most countries, but in Mongolia it is known that the overall prevalence of Hepatitis B virus is 10,62 % in adult Mongolian population and about 70 % of them are infected with HDV. Biosensors using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology are promising for their many advantages high-sensitivity, real-time monitoring availability. In this research work, we have developed a biosensor for detection of HDV-antibody using gold thin film and laser detection setup based on Kretschman’s configuration. Thin gold films (50 nm) were vapor-deposited onto microscope slides that had been treated by piranha solution. The detection surface was fabricated by binding chemically to self-assembly monolayer (SAM). We use 1-Ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) crosslinkers in this study. The confirmation the activity of the assembling biosensor, colorimetric transformation and absorption intensity were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The SPR instrument was newly set-up and using Kretschmann configuration. Comparative measurements of the positive and negative samples yielded different results of absorption intensity and angular displacement. This result confirmed that the HDV antibody in the sample binds to the HDV-Ag immobilized biosensor. In further, detailed characterization of the biosensor and improvement of sensitivity and specificity of the device is mandatory.
Hepatitis Delta Virus (H DV) is a defective, small RNA virus and it requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) for replication. HDV causes a wide spectrum of liver diseases ranging from acute or fulminant hepatitis chronic and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. There are very limited options of drugs and vaccines for HDV treatment due to lack of enough research and development projects. Mongolia is considered as the country with the highest prevalence of HDV that leads to the burden of high levels of cirrhosis and HCC incidences. Early detection of HDV infection can reduce liver diseases and mortality. Purpose of this research work is to develop an ELISA diagnostic assay based on a new sophisticated method using genetic materials sourced from Mongolian population. ORF of HDV-sAg is amplified from a natural virus isolated from Mongolian patient and cloned into a pET-41a expression vector. ~18.5 kDA HDV-sAg is expressed in BL21DE3 and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified antigen is immobilized on the ELISA plate by EDC/NHS method, which allows covalent bonding between the surface and antigen. Our in-house developed ELISA assay is compared with commercially available ELISA kit (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy), which is used extensively in Mongolia. HDV infected (HDV-RNA positive) human serum was serially diluted by 1x, 10x, 100x, 500x, 1000x, 5000x, 10000x, 50000x, 100000x and applied for analyzing sensitivity. The result showed that our in-house ELISA assay is able to detect HDV-Ab sufficiently at highest dilution rates (50000x and 100000x), which is not able to be detected by Wantai kit. This result indicates that ELISA assay developed by cross-linker mediated self-assembled monolayer method is apparently a good option for HDV-Ab detection. In practice, a high rate of dilution of serum samples is not necessary, especially for qualitative purposes. But high dilution of serum samples should be very important for quantitative detection of HDV-Ab, which can be used for RNA positivity prediction and analysis of disease prognosis. Therefore, our newly developed, sophisticated ELISA microwell plates hold promise in clinical applications.
Genetic resources are one of the most promising resources for development of new biomedical products that can be varied from cosmetics to vaccines. Molecular diversity of compounds from genetic resources are unlimited and its screening and utilization in biomedical field is just on the beginning stage. Classic examples of successful utilization of genetic resources, for example, artemisinin from plant, ivermectin from actinomycetes, give us great expectations to discover more valuable molecules, which can be used for diverse purposes. In addition to the field of compound discovery, genetic engineering based on the naturally occurring DNA sequences is core concept in bioengineering and biotechnology fields. Therefore, screening of compound and genomic sequences, subsequent metabolic engineering requires high throughput advanced analyzing technologies that enables rapid discovery of high impact biomedical products. In this scope, researchers are focusing on microarray technology in conjunction with advanced bioinformatics. High resolution or high throughput microarray is a system to screen naturally occurring compounds and DNA sequences to detect valuable form of molecules in specific purposes and its running capacity is increasing day by day. Data from microarray analysis is not only limited by existing compound or sequence detection, also the obtained high amount of data enables us to make a simulation analysis to create non-naturally occurring compounds that can be synthesized in lab. This in-silico experiment is very useful to develop a drug or vaccine products, which are required to be developed in short time. For example, currently developed vaccines for Covid-19 were the products that use in-silico technologies utilizing bioinformatic tools to select best antigenic sequences and producing of high immunogenicity. In further, mass screening with microarray technologies and advanced bioinformatic tools will play key role for research and development process using natural and biological resources.
Investigation of few body cluster systems is very important in nuclear physics. Problems appearing in few body systems can in principle be divided into two classes: bound state problems and scattering problems. The bound state problems are usually related to the spectroscopy of such systems while scattering problems describe their reactions. The main focus in the work is the scattering problem for systems consisting of two cluster systems. The single channel two body scattering problem is considered in the framework of different spin parity states for lithium isotopes. Scattering phase shifts on negative and positive parity states of 5Li, 6Li and 7Li nuclei are calculated applying two-body 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 systems and the complex scaling method. 6Li and 7Li are stable nuclei and their ground and low-lying excited states are considered in this work. In this study, we calculated scattering phase shifts of the negative parity 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 3/2− and 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 1/2− states for 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −wave of 5Li, 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 7/2−, 5/2−, 3/2− and 1/2− states for 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − and 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −waves of 7Li and the positive parity 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 1+, 2+, 3+ states for 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − waves of 6Li.
Гидрогел нь их хэмжээний усыг шингээж, хадгалах чадвартай хөндлөн холбоос бүхий биоматериал юм 1. Гидрогелийг бага болон дунд хэмжээний идээ бээртэй шархан дээр тавихад тохиромжтой бөгөөд шархны гаднах идээ бээрийг сорж, чийглэг орчинтой байлгаснаар шархны эдгэрэлтийг түргэсгэдэг 2. Кератин уураг агуулсан гидрогел нь хоруу чанаргүй, дархлааны хариу урвал өдөөдөггүй ба кератины пептидүүдийг шарх руу ялгаруулж, арьсны кератиноцитуудыг идэвхжүүлж шархны эдгэрэлтийг түргэсэгдэг 3. Уламжлалт анагаах ухаанд шарх үүсэх үед хөвөн шатааж тавих байдлаар хөвөнгийн үнсийг ашиглаж шархыг эдгээдэг. Уг судалгааны ажлаар хөвөнгийн үнсний хоруу чанар, шарх эдгээх чадварыг эсийн өсгөвөрт шугаман эс ашиглаж туршсан. Мөн хонины ноосноос кератин уургийг гидролизийн аргаар гарган авч, түүний уургийн агуулгыг тогтоосон. Гарган авсан кератин уургийг ашиглан гидрогел гарган авч, шинж чанарыг судлав. NIH3T3 эс ашиглан хөвөнгийн үнс агуулсан тэжээлийн орчны хоруу чанар, шарх эдгээлтийг судлахад хоруу чанаргүй, 25 мкг/мл концентрац нь илүү богино хугацаад шархыг эдгээж байсан. Бүтцийн болон элементийн анализ хийхэд аморф бүтэцтэй, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr зэрэг элементүүд агуулагдаж байгааг тогтоосон. Кератин уургийн агуулгыг Бредфордын аргаар тодорхойлоход 2.68 мкг/мл байсан. Гидрогелийн ус шингээх болон хадгалах чадварыг судлахад кератин/PVA/хөвөнгийн үнс агуулсан гидрогел бусад гидрогелүүдээс илүү ус шингээх, хадгалах чадвартай байсан. Гидрогелийн химийн холбоог FT-IR ашиглан судлахад кератин уургийн холбоонуудтай төстэй байсан. Гидрогелийн гадаргууг SEM ашиглан зураглахад PVA холимог болох тусам сүвний хэмжээ буурж, илүү сүвэрхэг болж буйг тогтоосон. Хөвөнгийн үнс нь in vitro туршилтад хоруу чанаргүй, шарх эдгээлтийг дэмждэг болох нь тогтоогдов. Гидролизийн аргаар хонины ноосноос 2.68 мкг/мл концентрацтай кератин уураг ялган авсан. Кератин/PVA/хөвөнгийн үнс агуулсан гидрогел нь ус шингээх, хадгалах чадвар өндөртэй байв. Гидрогелийн химийн холбооны пик кератины холбооны пикүүдтэй тун төсөөтэй байсан учир кератин суурьтай гидрогел гэж үзэв. PVA холимог болох тусам сүвний хэмжээ буурч, сүвэрхэг шинж чанар нэмэгдсэн.
Монгол улс 2018 оны байдлаар ходоодны хорт хавдрын тохиолдлоор дэлхийд хоёрдугаарт, тус хавдраас шалтгаалсан нас баралтын тоогоор нэгдүгээрт эрэмбэлэгдсэн [1]. Ходоодны хорт хавдрын өвчлөлийг эхний шатанд нь илрүүлж чадвал мэс заслын аргаар нийт тохиолдлын 90% ба түүнээс дээш хувь нь 5 жил амьдрах магадлалтай. Гэвч тус хавдрын бүх тохиолдолд мэсийн аргыг ашиглах боломж хязгаарлагдмал учир туяа эмчилгээ, хими эмчилгээний аргыг сонгох нь үр дүнтэй аргуудад тооцогдож байна. 1960 онд Японы эрдэмтэн Абэ, Такахаши нар II, III, IV дүгээр үедээ орсон ходоодны хавдарт ионжуулагч цацрагийн нэг багц тунгаар үйлчлэх нь өвчтөний эдгэрэлтийг 10% аар нэмэгдүүлдэг болохыг тогтоосон [2]. Хорт хавдрын туяа эмчилгээний амжилт эсвэл бүтэлгүйтэл нь тухайн хавдрын эсийн амьд үлдэлтийн хэмжээнээс шууд хамааралтай байдаг. Туяа эмчилгээнд бага энергийн фотон, рентген цацрагийн үүсгүүрийг ашиглан хавдрын эсийн хуваагдлыг зогсоох, устгах судалгааны ажил хийгдэж байна [3].
Different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are approved in various countries, but few direct comparisons of the antibody responses they stimulate have been reported. We collected plasma specimens in July 2021 from 196 Mongolian participants fully vaccinated with one of four COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer/BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, and Sinopharm. Functional antibody testing with a panel of nine SARS-CoV-2 viral variant receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins revealed marked differences in vaccine responses, with low antibody levels and RBD-ACE2 blocking activity stimulated by the Sinopharm and Sputnik V vaccines in comparison to the AstraZeneca or Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. The Alpha variant caused 97% of infections in Mongolia in June and early July 2021. Individuals who recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination achieve high antibody titers in most cases. These data suggest that public health interventions such as vaccine boosting, potentially with more potent vaccine types, may be needed to control COVID-19 in Mongolia and worldwide.
MongoliaObjectives: This study was conducted to discover the treatment outcome and side effects of chronic hepatitis C virus patients treated with Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs). Methods: Based on the Liver Center database, we studied the treatment effect of Sofosbuvir 400 mg/Ledipasvir 90 mg in 1109 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection during the time period from December 2015 to December, 2018. Results: In patients treated with Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir, the sustained viral load (SVR12) was 97.9% (1086/1109) 12 weeks after the treatment. The SVR12 was 99.2% (845/851) in HCV-infected non-cirrhotic patients, 93.4% (241/258) in patients with cirrhosis, and 80% (8/10) among patients treated for liver cancer. The SVR12 (19/25) was lowered to 76% at 12 weeks of treatment with Sofosbuvir 400 mg/Daclatasvir 60 mg in DAA-failure patients 23/1109 (2.07%). Conclusions: SVR12 rates in non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic patients were 99.2% and 93.4%, respectively, while it was 80% in liver cancer patients after DAA treatment. As for patients with viral relapse, 76% of them were successfully retreated with second-line DAA treatment. During the DAA treatment, only 17.6% of all patients had some adverse effects related to DAA treatment, thus, DAA treatment is suitable for Mongolian patients and has less adverse effects.
Thickness optimization of a monometallic plasmonic structure for a surface-plasmon resonance biosensor
Surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) effect in thin metal films is highly sensitive to the dielectric refractive index changes in the vicinity of metal interface and the conventional Kretschmann configuration has been widely used in the SPR measurement. In this work we have presented the thickness optimization for a monometallic plasmonic structure using the prism-based Kretschmann configuration in angular and spectral interrogation. He-Ne laser with wavelength of 632.8 nm as an optical source, a thin gold layer deposited onto the glass substrate and a BK7 glass prism were applied for this studies. Based on the numerical analysis with variation of metallic layer thickness, angle of incidence and wavelength we will obtain the resonance parameters, such as reflectivity and phase. Experimentally, the SPR spectra of a pure gold sensing surface has been studied. With functionalizing with specific antigen molecules on the surface of the gold layer, this optimized settings can be further used as biosensing purpose for detection of certain analytes.
Early diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections is pivotal for optimal disease management. Sensitivity and specificity of 19 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits by different manufacturers (ABON, CTK Biotech, Cypress Diagnostics, Green Gross, Human Diagnostic, Humasis, InTec, OraSure, SD Bioline, Wondfo) were assessed on serum samples of 270 Mongolians (90 seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 90 seropositive for hepatitis C antibody (HCV-Ab), 90 healthy subjects). All tested RDTs for detection of HBsAg performed with average sensitivities and specificities of 100% and 99%, respectively. Albeit, overall sensitivity and specificity of RDTs for detection of HCV-Ab was somewhat lower compared to that of HBsAg RDTs (average sensitivity 98.9%, average specificity 96.7%). Specificity of RDTs for detection of HCV-Ab was dramatically lower among HBsAg positive individuals, who were 10.2 times more likely to show false positive test results. The results of our prospective study demonstrate that inexpensive, easy to handle RDTs are a promising tool in effective HBV- and HCV-screening especially in resource-limited settings.
Хөдөө аж ахуйн салбар нь Монгол улсын эдийн засаг, нийгэм, улс төрд томоохон байр суурь эзэлдэг чухал салбар юм. Энэ салбарын хөгжил, ололт амжилт, алдаа дутагдал бүр нь Монгол хүн бүрийн амьдралд гүнзгий нөлөө үзүүлдэг. Одооны Монгол улсын нутаг дэвсгэрт, төв азийн эрс тэс уур амьсгал бүхий орон зайд олон мянган жилийн турш бидний өвөг дээдэс нүүдлийн мал аж ахуй эрхэлж, өөрсдийн хоол хүнсийг бүтээн бий болгож байсан юм. Бидний амьдарч буй цаг хугацааны хэрчим бол мэдлэгийн хаанчлалын эрин үе юм. Үгүйдээ л дэвшилтэд хүн төрөлхтний ертөнц тийм байна. Хүн төрөлхтний түүхэнд аливаа асуудлыг шийдэх найдвартай цорын ганц гарц нь шинжлэх ухаан технологийн дэвшил байсан билээ. Аливаа асуудалд шинжлэх ухаанч байдлаар хандах, нотолгоонд суурилсан бодлого боловсруулах, шийдвэр гаргах соёл нь тогтвортой хөгжлийн үндэс мөн. Дэлхийн соёлт хүн төрөлхтөн эрдэмтэн судлаачдынхаа ажиллах нөхцлийг бүрдүүлэн өгч, тэднийхээ үг, санаа бодлыг сонсож, үйл ажиллагаандаа бодитоор ашигладаг, ингэж ашигласныхаа үр шимийг бодитоор хүртдэг болжээ. Үүний тодхон жишээг шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн дэвшлийг ашиглаж асуудлаа шийдэж, хөгжлийн манлайд явж буй, хүн амын тоогоороо Монголтой төстэй Израйл, Финланд, Сингапур, Эстони зэрэг улсаас бэлээхэн харж болохоор байна. Эдгээр улс орнуудад нэг хандлага маш онцгой байна. Энэ бол бүх салбарт аливаа асуудлыг дижиталчлал (digitalization), дата анализ (data analysis), нарийвчлал (precision), оновчлол (optimization), хамтын ажиллагаа (co-working), хүндлэл (respect) гэсэн ухагдахууны дараалал, ойлголтын ай савд асуудлыг авч үзэж шийдвэрлэж байна. Энэ нь асуудалтай холбоотой жижиг ч гэсэн ямар нэгэн зүйлийг орхигдуулахгүйгээр, өгөгдөл хэлбэрээр, маш үр дүнтэй байдлаар цуглуулж авах, түүнийг тухайн асуудлыг шийдвэрлэх судалгааны нэг бүрдэл хэсэг болгон судалгаанд оруулах, системлэг байдлаар асуудалд хандах, шинжлэх ухааны арга зүйг ашиглаж үр дүнг тооцоолох, түүнд оролцогч бүх талуудын эрх ашгийг аль болох хангах чиглэлд асуудлыг шийдвэрлэх, эдийн засгийн хувьд хэмнэлттэй байх, шинэ нөхцөл байдал үүсэхэд шийдвэрээ өөрчлөх хангалттай чадвартай байх гэсэн ойлголт болов уу гэж миний мөхөс ухаан дүгнэж байна. “Шинжлэх ухааны дэвшилтэд технологи: Хөдөө аж ахуй” сэдэвт онол практикийн бага хурал нь одооны байгаа байдалдаа баригдалгүйгээр өргөн хүрээнд асуудлыг харж, зөвхөн судалгааны ажлын үр дүн биш мөн боломжит онолын сэдвүүдээр илтгэл тавьж, хэлэлцүүлэг өрнүүлж байгаагаараа онцлог хурал болж байна. Энэхүү хурлын гол зорилго нь янз бүрийн газруудад хийгдэж буй судалгааны ажлуудын дээжнүүдээс танилцаж, Монголын хөдөө аж ахуйн салбарт цаашид нэвтрүүлж болох, нэвтрүүлэх шаардлагатай шинжлэх ухааны дэвшилтэд технологиудын талаар хэлэлцэх, судлаачдын тархинд буй шинэ санаа, бодлыг гарган ирэх, цаашид судлаачдын багууд хамтран ажиллах санаа сэдлийг төрүүлэх, цаашлаад байгууллагууд хоорондын ажлын уялдааг нэгэн зорилгод нэгтгэх алсын бодлогод чиглэсэн болой.
Background and aims: Mongolia has the highest prevalence of hepatitis B (10.6%), C (11.1%) and D (7.2%) virus infections in the world that leads to highest mortality rate of the liver cancer. Previous studies showed the single nucleotide polymorphism rs12979860 near the interleukin 28B (IL28B) is strongly associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus and interferon treatment for this virus. But there is no adequate evidence of rs12979860 polymorphism near the 28B (IL28B) gene for spontaneous clearance of hepatitis D virus (HDV) using large number of statistically relevant samples. The aim of our study is to investigate the association of rs12979860 polymorphism near the IL28B gene with spontaneous clearances of hepatitis D virus in Mongolian population. Method: We have analyzed total of 374 participants (125 HDV spontaneously cleared people, 249 healthy people) for their rs12979860 polymorphism using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay and identified the association of spontaneously clearance of HDV and rs12979860 polymorphism. Randomly selected samples (96 samples) were Sanger sequenced for confirmation of RFLP results. Results: The results of RFLP analysis showed that genotype frequencies of rs12979860 locus in healthy population (normal population) are following: 88.7% (221) for CC genotype, 11.245% (28) for CT genotype and 0.0 for TT genotype. In the HDV spontaneously cleared people group, the analysis showed that the genotype frequencies of rs12979860 locus are following: 84.8% (106) for CC genotype, 15.2% (19) for CT genotype and 0.0 for TT genotype. Statistical analysis by comparing the genotype frequencies of healthy group and HDV spontaneously cleared group showed that there is no significant difference between these two groups (p = 0.276, CI = 0.95). Conclusion: There is no significant difference of genotype frequencies of rs12979860 locus near IL28B gene between the group of healthy population and group of HDV spontaneously cleared people
time, and the reported incidence and prevalence of the disease vary widely in nomadic livestock of Mongolia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo antibacterial activity of the C. mongolica root extract against B. melitensis. Methods: In this study, we used of 6 groups of mice (n = 5). Five groups of BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the M16 strain of B. melintensis, as follows: (i) one group was used for pretreatment monitoring; (ii) the control group was administered 2% Tween 80 and was used as the non-treatment group; and the other three groups were treated with one oral gavage per day for 21 days with (iii) doxycycline (2 mg/day), (iv) doxycycline (1 mg/day) with root extract (20 mg/day), and (v) C. mongolica root extract (20 mg/day). The one group that was kept non-infected was used as a healthy control group. Results: This study demonstrated that daily treatment with doxycycline alone and in combination with C. mongolica root extract significantly reduced splenic infection at the end of treatment. However, the spleen index of both the doxycycline-treated and the combination-treated groups of mice decreased by approximately 50% compared to that of the healthy control mouse group. Treatment with the C. mongolica root extract resulted in a 1.47log reduction in splenic infection compared to the non-treatment group, and the spleen index of the C. mongolica-treated group of mice was the same as that of the normal mouse group. In all treatment groups, neutrophil phagocytic activity significantly decreased, and all treatment groups demonstrated splenic regeneration. Conclusions: The present study showed that the C. mongolica root extract may be useful in the treatment of brucellosis patients, in combination with doxycycline or other antibiotics, to reduce the toxicity of high-dosage antibiotics, to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance and to prevent Brucella infection. Keywords: Caryopteris mongolica Bunge, Brucella melitensis, In vivo anti-Brucella activity
In this study, a representative group of Mongolian adults was tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Screening was conducted at 17 different locations on a randomly sampled group, representing the Mongolian adult population. A total of 1158 adults, 500 (43.1%) men and 659 (56.9%) women were included. The prevalence estimates of HBV and HCV amongst the general Mongolian adult population were found to be 11.1%±1% (SE) and 8.5%±0.7% or 207 418 and 160 228 cases, respectively. For HCV, the majority of cases are concentrated in older age groups with a prevalence of 25.8% amongst those aged 50 years and above, whilst the prevalence of HBV does not vary significantly amongst age groups. For both, HBV and HCV, the data indicate a higher risk of infection and a higher mortality because of the hepatitis amongst men than amongst women. This study represents the first nationwide estimate of the prevalence of HBV in Mongolia and also considered the first for HCV since 2005 and confirm the position of Mongolia as one of the hot-spots of chronic hepatitis infection in the world with about 19.4% of the adult population being infected with either HBV or HCV
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of human viral hepatitis. HDV requires a hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection to provide HDV with HBV surface antigen envelope proteins. The net effect of HDV is to make the underlying HBV disease worse, including higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma. Accurate assessments of current HDV prevalence have been hampered by the lack of readily available and reliable quantitative assays, combined with the absence of a Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy. We sought to develop a convenient assay for accurately screening populations and to use this assay to determine HDV prevalence in a population with abnormally high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma. We developed a high-throughput quantitative microarray antibody capture assay for anti-HDV immunoglobulin G wherein recombinant HDV delta antigen is printed by microarray on slides coated with a noncontinuous, nanostructured plasmonic gold film, enabling quantitative fluorescent detection of anti-HDV antibody in small aliquots of patient serum. This assay was then used to screen all HBV-infected patients identified in a large randomly selected cohort designed to represent the Mongolian population. We identified two quantitative thresholds of captured antibody that were 100% predictive of the sample either being positive on standard western blot or harboring HDV RNA detectable by real-time quantitative PCR. Subsequent screening of the HBV1 cohort revealed that a remarkable 57% were RNA1 and an additional 4% were positive on western blot alone. Conclusion: The quantitative microarray antibody capture assay’s unique performance characteristics make it ideal for population screening; its application to the Mongolian HBV surface antigen–positive population reveals an apparent 60% prevalence of HDV coinfection among these HBV-infected Mongolian subjects, which may help explain the extraordinarilyhigh rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolia.
