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A total of 114 Mongolian plant species were subjected to cytotoxicity screening against liver (HepG2), colon (HCT116), breast (MCF7), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. Among 18 them, ethanolic extracts of Androsace incana, Artemisia rutifolia, Saussurea amara, and Inula salsoloides exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity, with IC50 values below 1.5 μg/mL against at least 2 tested cell lines when treated for 48 hours. Erysimum flavum, Juniperus sibirica, 21 and Stellaria dichotoma demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against specific cancer cell lines. Extracts from 23 plant species, such as Artemisia xerophytica, Ajania trifida, Melandrium brachypetalum, Brachanthemum mongolicum, and Rhinanthus songaricus, 24 showed moderate toxicity. Further research on the phytochemicals and biological activities of these species is crucial for a deeper understanding and potential applications. This screening results of the cytotoxic effects of numerous Mongolian plants could establish a 27 foundational dataset for subsequent comprehensive studies on the screened plants.
A chemical examination of an extract from the roots of O. trichophysa led to the isolation and identification of 10 compounds, including oxazoles and isoflavonoids. Among them, 2-phenyl-5-(2"-methoxy-3"-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (1) and 2-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2"-methoxy-3"-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (2) were obtained for the first time from the natural source. The known compounds were identified as 2-phenyl-5-(2′′-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (3), isomucronulatol (4), 5'- hydroxyisomucronulatol (5), (6aR, 11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan (6), isoliquiritigenin (7), 4,2'- dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (8), isosakuranetin (9), and butin (10). These known compounds were obtained for the first time in this plant. For antibacterial and quorum sensing assay, the diethyl ether fractions significantly inhibited S. aureus (16.2 mm), M. luteus (19.0 mm), and C. violaceum (22.4 mm) at conc.0.5 mg/disc. Among the isolated compounds, 4 showed 20.3 mm inhibition zone against Chromobacterium violaceum at conc.0.05 mg/disc.
Mongolian grassland is located at over 1500 m elevation with a high-altitude place that is almost an island area without an ocean. The summer of Mongolian grassland was so short within 2 months of rain and the winter is so long with more than -20C. In Mongolian grassland, plants need to adapt to environmental conditions, and only adaptable plants can survive during evolution. From these plants that evolved and survived in severe environmental conditions, we hope to identify plants that possess the ability for growth resistance. Based on this idea, we screened the fastest-growing plant from 40 species of Mongolian grassland plants. Chloris virgata (accession Dornogovi) was identified as the fastest germinating, early growth, and highly re-generation ability plant in Mongolian grassland plants. This high growth ability was considered to be useful for the adaptation of short summers in Mongolian grassland. Furthermore, the high growth ability might suggest a high-stress resistance ability of C. virgata. To analyze the stress resistance of C. virgata, we applied drought stress to C. virgata by mannitol treatment and water withholding treatment. By water withholding treatment from 21-day-old plants for 21 days, C. virgata showed a high ability of drought stress resistance in comparison with rice, wheat, and oats. By high concentration of mannitol treatment (350 mM), the endogenous chlorophyll content of C. virgata was higher than in rice, wheat, and oats. As C. virgata showed a strong ability to drought stress resistance, we considered that we would be able to isolate novel and useful stress-resistant genes from C. virgata. Then we performed a de novo RNA-seq analysis. The total RNA was extracted from samples of 3 and 6-hour drought treatments and we identified 25,469 unified transcripts. From this stress-induced RNA-seq data, we selected 6 genes based on their expression level and publication of stress response in other plants. The four genes (CvAREB2, CvAWPM19, CvRAB28, CvRAB16) are known genes and their stress response is comparatively characterized in other plants. Another two genes were functionally uncharacterized and we named them CvUND3-27, CvUND3-29. These 6 genes were significantly induced by drought stress treatment, and we hypothesized that their function might be related to the stress tolerance of C. virgata. We started to make a transgenic plant construction under the CaMV 35S constitutive promoter on these genes, and the detailed characterization of stress function is currently underway.
The pastoral livestock industry is an important sector of the Mongolian economy. At the end of 2022, about 71.1 million livestock animals were counted in Mongolia. Rangelands and meadows supply almost all of the needed forage for livestock production. There are 3191 species of vascular plants growing in Mongolia's grasslands, and about 1250 of them are eaten by livestock to some extent. Artemisia santolinifolia is one of these species and the plant is widely distributed in Central Asia to Eastern Europe. In winter, sheep and goats eat more, horses are good, and cattle and camels eat moderately. It is important that knowledge of the chemical constituents and their biological activities to understand effects of Artemisia santolinifolia on livestock. Aerial parts of Artemisia santolinifolia subsp. stepposa were collected on August 7, 2022, at Mustin am, Narst bag, Arkhust soum, Tuv province, Mongolia. This plant species was identified by Dr. Shagdar Dariimaa, Mongolian State University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The air dried sample was extracted three times using aqueous acetone (acetone: water, 80:20 v/v) at a sample: solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v). After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, a crude extract was obtained. The crude extract showed high antioxidant activity (ICso* 143.9 $ 3.3) when evaluated with a DPPH radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, the crude extract was divided into water and diethyl ether layers. The water fraction exhibited high antioxidant activity (51.8 ÷ 1.5) compared to the diethyl ether fraction (137.6 ÷ 0.6). Chemical constituents of the fractions were investigated, and 7 compounds were isolated from the water fraction, and 6 compounds were isolated from the diethyl ether fraction using chromatography including HPLC. The three compounds, rutin, a coumarin derivative, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, were identified based on the spectroscopic data including NMR and MS. For the other remaining compounds, spectroscopic data analysis for chemical structure determination continues.
The fern plant Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. belongs to the Woodsiaceae family and its leaves are used to treat diarrhea, soft-tissue injuries, and external injuries. Investigations of the compounds obtained from the plasmin-inhibitory-active extracts of W. ilvensis led to the isolation of two undescribed maleimide N-glycosides, an undescribed stilbenoid glycoside, and five undescribed acetylated flavonol bisdesmosides, together with 19 known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of the sugar moieties were determined via HPLC after acid hydrolysis. Among the isolated compounds, some flavonoids and stilbenoid glycosides exhibited plasmin-inhibitory activity.
The perennial herb Oxytropis trichophysa is found in Central Asia, including Mongolia, and has been used for centuries to treat bacterial fever, inflammation, bone fractures, arthritis, and head and chest wounds. We are interested in this plant primarily because rodents hoard their aerial portions as food in their nests, and animals eat them well in the winter. In our prior investigation, an extract with 80% acetone also demonstrated strong anti-plasmodium action. Therefore, the current research intends to extract and characterize the chemical components of O. trichophysa and to further explore their biological activities. In the winter of 2021, 275 g of dried O. trichophysa roots were collected from the Duut soum area of the Hovd province of Mongolia. The roots were macerated with 3.6 L of acetone - water (4:1) and then evaporated in vacuo. The evaporated extract was suspended in water and chromatographed a lot on an open column and preparative HPLC to obtain pure chemicals. Primarily using 1D and 2D NMR, the chemical structures of isolated substances were clarified. Utilizing a modified version of the DPPH free radical scavenging test, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed. Additionally, the disk diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial efficacy of each extract using three bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus are gram-positive strains, while Escherichia coli is a gram-negative form of bacteria. As a results, total of 27 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, have been isolated from the roots of O. trichophysa. The structural elucidation of some compounds has been carried out at Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University in Japan due to a lack of instruments required to determine chemical structures more precisely. In terms of biological activity, the roots collected in winter (IC50: 107.23.2 mg/ml) and summer (IC50: 117.23.1 mg/ml) showed moderate antioxidant activity. The diethyl ether fractions significantly inhibited S. aureus (16.2 mm), S. epidermidis (19.9 mm) and M. luteus (19.0 mm). Furthermore, at the Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, we planned and prepared samples of extracts and isolated compounds to investigate the anti-plasmodium activity.
Scutellaria scordiifolia Fisch. ex Schrank is used to treat various inflammatory diseases and other ailments in traditional and contemporary medicine. In this study, 10 undescribed compounds, including a flavanone (1), four chrysin C-glycosides (2–5), a phenanthrene glucoside (6), four iridoid glucosides (7–10) and 31 known compounds were identified from an extract of the aerial parts of S. scordiifolia. The absolute configurations of sugars in C-glycosides were determined by comparing electric circular dichroism spectra with calculated data. The flavanones (1 and 17), flavonols (11–13), flavone (14), and some of the flavone glucuronides (15, 16) exhibited trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma congolense. The activity data and quantitative HPLC analysis of flavonoids from the aerial parts of S. scordiifolia suggest that they may effectively treat diseases caused by the aforementioned trypanosomes. Other compounds such as novel iridoids and phenanthrene glycosides, which may be useful for chemophenetic and chemoecological discussions, were also identified.
Background and Objective: The herb Scabiosa comosa (SC) is a herbal medicine used in both Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine for liver disease. The previous studies show the presence of flavonoids and other high anti-oxidant compounds which may exert anti-inflammatory effects. This study is devoted to evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of the aerial part of Scabiosa comosa (SC) based on their bioactive compound contained and in vivo model. Materials and Methods: Bioactive compound estimation is based on a total phenolic compound and flavonoid content, according to Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium trichloride reagent methods, respectively. In vivo experiments, acute pulmonary inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and carrageenan-induced paw edema models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of SC. Results: The total phenolic compound and content were 626.4±1.4 μg EGA mg–1 and flavonoid content was 3.3±0.3 μg EQ mg–1. The SC significantly reduced the volume of the hind paw after the injection of carrageenan at 120 min. The SC showed fewer histopathological changes such as haemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration and alveolar edema after the injection of LPS. In addition, SC considerably reduced the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) while upregulating the plasma level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Conclusion: Overall, the study defines SC as a potential anti-inflammatory agent against LPS and carrageenan-induced inflammation.
Quorum sensing (QS) is an important microbial signaling system that controls the expression of many virulence genes. Combination treatment with QS inhibitors and antibiotics may be the new treatment option for infectious diseases in the future. Therefore, there is an increasing need to discover anti-QS compounds to prevent antimicrobial resistance. We isolated methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside from Scabiosa comosa and found that it exerts an anti-QS activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 without exhibiting any antimicrobial activity.
Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with low rainfall, dry weather, and wind, and a wide temperature variance between day and night, not only in winter and summer. There are abundant biological resources in Mongolia, especially pastures and forage plants that have adapted to harsh natural and climatic conditions. To reveal wild pasture plants which are cold-resistant, have a short vegetation period, and early germinated in spring, we started to screen 149 plants of 28 families for germination rate. Seeds collected from many Mongolian different regions were placed in Petri dishes in two layers of filter paper moistened with tap water and incubated at 4 ̊C dark condition for 2 days for vernalization. Then, the seed was transferred to a biotron with a 22 ̊C temperature, 16-h light/8-h condition, and was examined germination daily for 7 days. As a result of the study, 54 species of 16 families were identified to show quick germination within 24 hours. 22 species of 9 families germinated during a seed vernalization phase with dark and 4°C conditions and most of them were Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae, and Compositae. Our experimental results were similar to reports that plants of the Gramineae family germinated earlier in spring.
Mongolian Gobi Desert has mountains, rivers, and most importantly oasis. The oasis of the Gobi are critical to wildlife and many plants. South Gobi has an extremely hot climate and very few underground and surface water areas covered with plants. Evaporation of water combined with hot weather allows salt accumulation under the soil. Stress-tolerant plants had adapt and grow to these extreme conditions. In order to observe and investigate stress-tolerant plants and their growth conditions, we conducted field experiments in the South Gobi area of Mongolia. A number of plants in the Gobi Desert survive on little water spot area and extremely salty soil. The plants Reaumuria, Kalidium, Phragmites, Halogeton and Tamarix mainly survived in extremely salty soil in the end of May. This indicates that all those plants germinated early. Early germination of Reaumuria and Tamarix has been reported in laboratory experiments. A soil and surrounding water that has been grown in a resistant plant was also measured for sodium ion concentration, pH, and conductivity. These plant-grown soils were identified as having high sodium ion concentrations in comparison to surrounding water and other plants-grown soils. This led us to identify that these plants are capable of surviving in salinity soil. There were also visible salt crystals on the leaf surface. The study of growth and stress tolerance needs to be conducted in more detail.
With the aim to find endophytic actinomycetes that synthesize bioactive compounds over 800 strains were isolated from 53 desert plants of the Gobi-Sumber, Umnugobi, Dundgobi, Dornogobi, Bayankhongor, and Gobi-Altai provinces of Mongolia. The HPLC study of strains with high anti-quorum sensing and antibacterial activities revealed that they produced flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Molecular diversity evaluated with 16S rRNA gene sequences of 123 strains showed that they belonged to 12 genera: Streptomyces, Promicromonospora, Micromonospora, Streptosporangium, Kribbella, Pseudonocardia, Nocardia, Micromonospora, Saccharothrix, Friedmanniella, Actinocatenispora, and Geodermatophilus, the latter two genera were registered in Mongolia for the first time. Moreover, the genus Actinocatenispora was isolated from plants for the first time.
Feline calicivirus is one of the surrogate viruses of human norovirus. This study aimed to identify virucidal compounds, chemical constituents of plants from the genus Dracocephalum, which are rich in flavonoids and phenylpropanoid oligomers. Four undescribed compounds, including a flavanone glucoside, two stilbenoid glycosides, and a phenylpropanoid amide glycoside, as well as 17 known compounds, were isolated from the Mongolian plants Dracocephalum fruticulosum Stephan ex Willd., and D. nutans L. belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The structures of the compounds were determined based on NMR, MS, and electronic CD spectroscopic data. In addition to these 21 compounds, 15 previously reported compounds from D. foetidum Bunge in C.F. von Ledebour were included, and a total of 36 compounds were evaluated for their virucidal activities against feline calicivirus. Some of the flavanone glycosides and phenylpropanoid oligomers showed virucidal activities, and their structural features are discussed. The findings suggest that isosakuranetin glycosides and phenylpropanoid oligomers may have the potential for norovirus inactivation.
179 compounds in a Mongolian compound library were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. Among these compounds, brachangobinan A at a half- maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 2.62 μM and a selectivity index (SI) of 27.91; 2-(2′ -hydroxy-5′ -O- methylphenyl)-5-(2′′,5′′ -dihydroxyphenyl)oxazole (IC50 3.58 μM and SI 24.66); chrysosplenetin (IC50 3.78 μM and SI 15.26); 4,11-di-O-galloylbergenin (IC50 3.87 μM and SI 13.38); and 2-(2′ ,5′ -dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(2′′ - hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (IC50 6.94 μM and SI 11.48) were identified as potential inhibitors of P. falciparum multiplication. Additionally, tricin (IC50 12.94 μM and SI > 23.40) was identified as a potential inhibitor of T. gondii multiplication. Our findings represent a good starting point for developing novel antimalarial and anti- Toxoplasma therapeutics from Mongolian compounds.
Purpose Malaria and toxoplasmosis are important public health diseases affecting millions of people and animals each year, and there is a continuing need for new and improved treatments for them. Plants have provided many opportunities for new drug leads in pharmacology. Methods We examined 43 crude extracts from Mongolian plants for their activities against the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain and the Toxoplasma gondii RH strain using a SYBR Green-based fluorescence assay and a fluorescence-based assay, respectively. The potential toxicity of these extracts was also assessed on human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF) using a cell viability assay. Results From the initial screenings, 11 and 7 crude extracts were effective against T. gondii and P. falciparum, respectively, at 100 μg/ml concentration (≥ 80% inhibition activity). The 50% cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts were estimated on HFF cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) were calculated. According to our lead criteria (selective index, SI; value ≥ 10), six plants (Galatella dahurica leaf + flower, Leonurus deminutus leaf + flower, Oxytropis trichophysa aerial part, Schultzia crinita whole plant, Leontopodium campestre root, Spirea salicifolia aerial part) inhibited P. falciparum growth at IC 50 values of 5.99–64.15 μg/ml (SI values: 10.11–17.02). Amaranthus retroflexus root was highly active against T. gondii (IC 50 , 19.89 μg/ml; SI value, 38). Conclusion This first observation of the anti-Plasmodium and anti-Toxoplasma activities of Mongolian plant extracts shows them to be interesting potential candidates for drug discovery.
Mongolian nomadic people possess traditional knowledge of wild plants that grow in their areas of habitation. Many of these are forage plants in nature and are consumed by livestock. However, these plants are known to have medicinal and/or toxic properties. To establish a scientifc understanding of the plants, and in turn, ofer sound knowledge on their applications and efective use, it is essential to collect data pertaining to the chemical constituents of each plant. Therefore, the frst objective of this study was to identify and determine the structural constituents of the forage plants that were available to our research group. Furthermore, in an attempt to demonstrate the biological activities of the isolated chemical compounds, we focused on solving some of the social issues afecting Mongolian communities, including protozoan diseases afecting livestock, vectors of infectious diseases, and the general health of humans and their livestock. The results of the chemical constituents derived from Mongolian medicinal plants and their biological activities that were studied in the recent decade are also described herein.
Abstract A novel actinomycete, designated NUM-2625T, was isolated as an endophytic bacterium in aerial parts of Comarum salesowianum, an endemic species in the Altai, Himalaya mountain chain area, collected from Khasagt Khairkhan Mountain in Mongolia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NUM-2625T showed the highest similarity to Actinocatenispora thailandica TT2-10T (99.4 %), Actinocatenispora sera KV-744T (99.3 %), and Actinocatenispora rupis CS5-AC17T (97.7 %). Chemotaxonomic properties of strain NUM-2625T were essentially consistent with those of the genus Actinocatenispora, such as the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6) as the major menaquinones, and iso-C 16 : 0, iso-C 15 : 0, iso-C 14 : 0 3-OH, and anteiso-C 17 : 0 as the major fatty acids. Meanwhile, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values revealed a low relatedness between strain NUM-2625T and the other type strains of the genus Actinocatenispora. In addition, strain NUM-2625T exhibited several phenotypic properties that could be used to distinguish it from its closest relatives. Based on the results of polyphasic analyses, strain NUM-2625T represents a novel species in the genus Actinocatenispora, for which the name Actinocatenispora comari sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NUM-2625T (=NBRC 114660T=TBRC 13496T).
Plants in Mongolian grasslands are exposed to short, dry summers and long, cold winters. These plants should be prepared for fast germination and growth activity in response to the limited summer rainfall. Here, we identified the Chloris virgata Dornogovi accession as the fastest germinating plant in major Mongolian grassland plants. It germinated just 5 h after treatment for germination initiation and showed rapid growth, especially in its early and young development stages. This indicates its high growth potential compared to grass crops such as rice and wheat. By assessing growth recovery after animal bite treatment (mimicked by cutting the leaves with scissors), we found that C. virgata could rapidly regenerate leaves after being damaged, suggesting high regeneration potential against grazing. To analyze the regulatory mechanism involved in the high growth potential of C. virgata, we performed RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis and illustrated a comprehensive gene expression map of the species. Through de novo transcriptome assembly with the RNA-seq reads from whole organ samples of C. virgata at the germination stage (2 days after germination, DAG), early-young development stage (8 DAG), young development stage (17 DAG), and adult development stage (28 DAG), we identified 21,589 unified transcripts (contigs) and found that 19,346 and 18,156 protein-coding transcripts were homologous to those in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. The best-aligned sequences were annotated with gene ontology groups. When comparing the transcriptomes across developmental stages, we found an over-representation of genes involved in growth regulation in the early development stage in C. virgata. Plant development is tightly regulated by phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Moreover, our transcriptome map demonstrated the expression profiles of orthologs involved in the biosynthesis of these phytohormones and their signaling networks. We discuss the possibility that C. virgata phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis genes regulate early germination and growth advantages. Comprehensive transcriptome information will provide a useful resource for gene discovery and facilitate a deeper understanding of the diversity of the regulatory systems that have evolved in C. virgata while adapting to severe environmental conditions.
Five new galloyl glucosides of 2-C-methyl-D-erythriol (1–4) and homogentisic acid (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Saxifraga spinulosa. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration was determined using alkaline hydrolysis on their ester bond. The parasitic growth inhibitory activities were evaluated against Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, B. caballi, and Theileria equi, which cause protozoan diseases of livestock, and the results indicated that the presence of the galloyl moiety is important and aglycone moieties also affect the activities.
Previously undescribed compounds, (R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol 2-O-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (E)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-2-enoic acid (2), together with 20 known compounds (3-22) were isolated from the aerial parts of Calligonum mongolicum. Compound 3 was obtained from a natural source for the first time, and all of the compounds (1-22) were reported for the first time in this plant. The structural elucidation of compounds 1 and 2 were performed mainly by HRFABMS, HREIMS, 1H and 13C NMR, 1H–1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopy. Some of the enzyme inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were estimated, and catechin (7) showed ten times higher phenoloxidase inhibitory activity (IC50 9.1 μM) than epicatechin (8) (IC50 148.3 μM). Compounds 7 and 8 have a common molecular structure, except for their stereochemistry, and this result was supported by a reproducibility test using pure guaranteed authentic samples.
Abstract A chemical investigation of Artemisia sieversiana, one of the Mongolian wild pasture forage plants led to the isolation and identification of 15 compounds. We revealed that lignan type compounds dominantly contained in spring samples and lignans, terpenoids, flavonoids in summer samples, terpenoids, flavnoids, chlorogenic acid derivatives in autumn sample. Six of them lignans (1-6), three chlorogenic acid derivatives (7-9), and six flavonoids (10-15) were isolated from A. sieversiana.
Artemisia sieversiana is an annual herbaceous plant distributed throughout Central and East Eurasia and is regarded as an undesirable forage plant in Mongolia. It affects livestock, so information about its chemical composition is needed. We isolated three new sesquiterpenoids (1–3) and known compounds from A. sieversiana and investigated their activities. The absolute configuration of 1 was established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography, and its configuration differed from those of reported compounds with similar structures. Two additional new sesquiterpenoids (2 and 3) with similar structures were identified, and their configurations were determined. The trypanocidal activities of the isolated compounds (1–18) against Trypanosoma congolense and the pathogen responsible for fatal trypanosomosis in animals were estimated. Flavonoids and lignans were identified as active compounds with IC50 values ranging from 2.9 to 90.2 µM
Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) is a commonly used crude drug that is obtained from the root and rhizome of Saposhnikovia divaricata which is distributed throughout China, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. To evaluate the quality of Mongolian S. divaricata, metabolomic profiling of 43 plant specimens from different regions of Mongolia, as well as 8 SR samples and 2 plant specimens from China, were conducted by liquid chromatography-ion-trap-time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (LC-IT-TOF-MS). LC-MS profiles of the specimens showed uniformity and 30 compounds were tentatively identified, including 13 chromones and 17 coumarins. Among them, 16 compounds were isolated and unambiguously verified by comparing them with the spectroscopic data of standard compounds. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on LC-MS data from 7 Mongolian specimens and 8 Chinese SR samples as well as 2 plant specimens revealed that these 2 groups were clearly distinguishable and that Mongolian specimens were characterized by an abundance of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (1). Moreover, the OPLS-DA of the Mongolian specimens showed that they can be discriminated by their growing regions based on the content of 8 chromones. The total content of dihydrofurochromones 1-3 was relatively higher in the specimens from Khalkhgol in the far eastern part of Mongolia, while contents of 10, 11, 15, and 16 were higher in those from Holonbuir in the eastern part. Based on this research, the roots of S. divaricata from Mongolia have potential as a new resource of SR in Kampo medicine.
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Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) is a commonly used crude drug that is obtained from the root and rhizome of Saposhnikovia divaricata which is distributed throughout China, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. To evaluate the quality of Mongolian S. divaricata, metabolomic profiling of 43 plant specimens from different regions of Mongolia, as well as 8 SR samples and 2 plant specimens from China, were conducted by liquid chromatography–ion-trap–time-of-flight–mass spectrometer (LC– IT–TOF–MS). LC–MS profiles of the specimens showed uniformity and 30 compounds were tentatively identified, including 13 chromones and 17 coumarins. Among them, 16 compounds were isolated and unambiguously verified by comparing them with the spectroscopic data of standard compounds. Orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS–DA) based on LC–MS data from 7 Mongolian specimens and 8 Chinese SR samples as well as 2 plant specimens revealed that these 2 groups were clearly distinguishable and that Mongolian specimens were characterized by an abundance of primO-glucosylcimifugin (1). Moreover, the OPLS–DA of the Mongolian specimens showed that they can be discriminated by their growing regions based on the content of 8 chromones. The total content of dihydrofurochromones 1–3 was relatively higher in the specimens from Khalkhgol in the far eastern part of Mongolia, while contents of 10, 11, 15, and 16 were higher in those from Holonbuir in the eastern part. Based on this research, the roots of S. divaricata from Mongolia have potential as a new resource of SR in Kampo medicine.
(1- 8 (5- 12- ABSTRACT: Eight isovaleryllignans 4 and -11), three isovalerylphenylpropanoids 7), three known lignans ( 14), and four known compounds were isolated from an extract of the aerial part of Brachanthemum gobicum. The structures of 1- the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR and MS data analyses. The enantiomers of compounds 3, 5, 8, and 9 /1b- were isolated using chiral-phase HPLC, and the absolute configurations of 1a/ 3a/3b, 5a/5b, 8a/8b, and 9a/9b were elucidated from their optical rotations and ECD spectra; the other lignans were assumed to be racemic or scalemic by chiral 1 12- phase HPLC analyses and optical rotation data. Some of the acylated lignans (racemic mixtures) ( -4, 8, 9, and 14) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against Trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of nagana disease in animals.
Pulsatilla species are known as “Yargui”, and their flowers are traditionally used in Mongolia as a tonic and for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. By chemical investigation of P. flavescens flowers, 21 flavonoids, including a new chalcone C-glucoside, chalconaringenin 2′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-5′-β-d-glucopyranoside, and two new flavanone C-glucosides, (2R)- and (2S)-naringenin 8-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, were isolated. The absolute configurations of the seven flavanone glucosides were elucidated by ECD spectra. For the isolated compounds, inhibitory activity against Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, which cause fatal diseases in horses, was estimated. Although most of the isolated chalcone and flavanone derivatives did not show any anti-piroplasm activity, all the isolated flavone and flavonol derivatives showed moderate effects against B. caballi and/or T. equi.
time, and the reported incidence and prevalence of the disease vary widely in nomadic livestock of Mongolia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo antibacterial activity of the C. mongolica root extract against B. melitensis. Methods: In this study, we used of 6 groups of mice (n = 5). Five groups of BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the M16 strain of B. melintensis, as follows: (i) one group was used for pretreatment monitoring; (ii) the control group was administered 2% Tween 80 and was used as the non-treatment group; and the other three groups were treated with one oral gavage per day for 21 days with (iii) doxycycline (2 mg/day), (iv) doxycycline (1 mg/day) with root extract (20 mg/day), and (v) C. mongolica root extract (20 mg/day). The one group that was kept non-infected was used as a healthy control group. Results: This study demonstrated that daily treatment with doxycycline alone and in combination with C. mongolica root extract significantly reduced splenic infection at the end of treatment. However, the spleen index of both the doxycycline-treated and the combination-treated groups of mice decreased by approximately 50% compared to that of the healthy control mouse group. Treatment with the C. mongolica root extract resulted in a 1.47log reduction in splenic infection compared to the non-treatment group, and the spleen index of the C. mongolica-treated group of mice was the same as that of the normal mouse group. In all treatment groups, neutrophil phagocytic activity significantly decreased, and all treatment groups demonstrated splenic regeneration. Conclusions: The present study showed that the C. mongolica root extract may be useful in the treatment of brucellosis patients, in combination with doxycycline or other antibiotics, to reduce the toxicity of high-dosage antibiotics, to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance and to prevent Brucella infection. Keywords: Caryopteris mongolica Bunge, Brucella melitensis, In vivo anti-Brucella activity
