Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл

Viruses that infect bacteria can influence bacterial community dynamics, bacterial genome evolution and ecosystem biogeochemistry. These influences differ depending on whether phages establish lytic, chronic or lysogenic infections. In this study, bacteriophages were isolated from wastewater samples of the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ulaanbaatar and strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the collection of Bacteriological Laboratory, the National Center for Infectious Diseases were used as a test-culture. We isolated bacteriophages AT1 and AT2 with bacteriolytic activity. The bacteriophage AT1 were able to lyse 70.2% of cells from total population of E. coli, and the bacteriophages AT2 were able to lyse 78.5% of P. aeruginosa within 96 hours of cultivation, respectivily. Bacteriophages titer was determined and for AT1 phage was 1.12x1010 PFU/mL and for AT2 phage was 0.98x1010 PFU/mL.

Viruses that infect bacteria can influence bacterial community dynamics, bacterial genome evolution and ecosystem biogeochemistry. These influences differ depending on whether phages establish lytic, chronic or lysogenic infections. In this study, bacteriophages were isolated from wastewater samples of the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ulaanbaatar and strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the collection of Bacteriological Laboratory, the National Center for Infectious Diseases were used as a test-culture. We isolated bacteriophages AT1 and AT2 with bacteriolytic activity. The bacteriophage AT1 were able to lyse 70.2% of cells from total population of E. coli, and the bacteriophages AT2 were able to lyse 78.5% of P. aeruginosa within 96 hours of cultivation, respectivily. Bacteriophages titer was determined and for AT1 phage was 1.12x1010 PFU/mL and for AT2 phage was 0.98x1010 PFU/mL.

Орчин үед фаг дээр суурилсан бактерийн халдвартай тэмцэх эмчилгээний аргыг боловсруулж байна. Бактериофаг хүн, амьтан, ургамалд аюулгүй байдаг. Фагийг хүнсний бүтээгдэхүүний аюулгүй байдлыг хангахад хэрэглэх зөвшөөрлийн АНУ-ийн FDA өгсөн. Иймд хөдөө аж ахуйд эрүүл амьтан өсгөхдөө антибиотикийн оронд фагийг хэрэглэж байна. Орчин үеийн ертөнц бактериофагийг байгалийн консервант эсвэл халдварын эсрэг бүтээгдэхүүн хэлбэрээр хэрэглэх сонирхолтой болжээ. Хөдөө аж ахуйн бүтээгдэхүүнд фагийг хэрэглэж байгаа тухайлбал махыг бактерийн халдвараас хамгаалахад. Ихэнх антибиотикт тэсвэртэй өвчин үүсгэгч нь орчин үеийн анагаахын тулгамдсан асуудал болжээ. Халдвартай тэмцэх альтернатив арга зүйг боловсруулах нь анагаах биотехнологийн тэргүүлэх чиглэл болоод байна.

Бактерид халдварладаг вирус нь бактерийн өсөлтийн динамик, бактерийн геномын хувьсал, экосистемийн биогеохимийн процесст нөлөөлдөг. Эдгээр нөлөөллүүд нь тухайн фагууд литик, архагшсан эсвэл лизоген халдвар үүсгэж байгаа эсэхээс хамаарч өөр өөр байдаг. Энэхүү судалгаанд ХӨСҮТ –ийн Нэгдсэн лабораторийн Нян судлалын лаборатори –д хадгалагдаж байгаа Escherichia coli болон Pseudomonas aeruginosa –ийн цэвэр омгуудыг тест өсгөврөөр ашиглав. Бид E. сoli болон P. аeruginosa –г лизис оруулах чадвартай АТ1 ба АТ2 бактериофагуудыг ялгаж авсан. АТ1 бактериофаг E. coli –ийн нийт эсийн 70.2% –ийг, AT2 фаг P. аeruginosa –ийн нийт эсийн 78.5% –г 96 цагийн хугацаанд лизист оруулах чадвартай болохыг тогтоов. Ялгаж авсан AT1 фагийн титр 1.12x1010 PFU/mL, AT2 фагийн титр 0.98x1010 PFU/mL байна.

Bacteriophages are capable of uniquely recognizing bacterial pathogens and lysing them, so they can be used in further treatment; more research is being done to lyse bacterial pathogens contained in food products and soil with bacteriophage. The objective of this study is to determine the microbiological, biochemical, and physiological activity of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from airag (fermented mare milk), to determine the taxonomy by molecular biological methods, and to isolate phages from wastewater capable of lysing Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, anaerobic cocci. Enterococcus faecalis can to withstand osmotic pressure (6.5% NaCl) and to live in a wide range of acids and alkalis (pH 3–12.6). Among the 15 Enterococci species of the family Lactobacillaceae, the most common (80–90%) is Enterococcus faecalis, which causes severe stomatitis, periodontitis, and urinary tract infections and supports tertiary bacterial infections, while Staphylococcus aureus is common in the skin and nasal cavity and when a person's immune system is weakened, there is a high risk of complications such as skin pustules, abscesses, and pneumonia. In this study, local pure strains of Staphylococcus aureus confirmed in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the National Center for Infectious Disease Research were recultured and differentiated by microbiological and biochemical methods. Using traditional microbiological methods, a pure culture were obtained from the airag sample, and it’s physiological and biochemical activity and antagonistic activity were determined, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis’s phylogenetic tree were constructed by determining the relationship between the species by molecular biological taxonomy. Bacteriophages of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus were detected by the double-layer soft agar method. The activity of bacteriophages to lyse bacteria was determined in liquid and solid media Six pure bacterial cultures (A1, A4, B1, B7, E2, and E9) isolated from airag were determined by microbiological, physiological-biochemical, and molecular biological taxonomy methods and these strains were belonged to Enterococcus faecalis (96%–98% probability). Local strains of Staphylococcus aureus were determined by microbiological and biochemical methods. Bacteriophages from sewage water has a clear and pure morphology and forms 0.2–1 mm plaques. These bacteriophages were active against all Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis strains.

Viruses that infect bacteria can influence bacterial community dynamics, bacterial genome evolution and ecosystem biogeochemistry. These influences differ depending on whether phages establish lytic, chronic or lysogenic infections. In this study, bacteriophages were isolated from wastewater samples of the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ulaanbaatar and strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the collection of Bacteriological Laboratory, the National Center for Infectious Diseases were used as a test-culture. We isolated bacteriophages AT1 and AT2 with bacteriolytic activity. The bacteriophage AT1 were able to lyse 70.2% of cells from total population of E. coli, and the bacteriophages AT2 were able to lyse 78.5% of P. aeruginosa within 96 hours of cultivation, respectivily. Bacteriophages titer was determined and for AT1 phage was 1.12x1010 PFU/mL and for AT2 phage was 0.98x1010 PFU/mL.

Сэтгүүлийн нэр: Jurnal Veteriner, Volume number: Vol. 24 No. 2 : Өгүүллийн нэр: Molecular Identification of Taenia hydatigena from Goats in Khishig-Undur, Mongolia” Хэвлэгдсэн огноо: 2023-03-01 Khulan Janchiv, Ochirkhuyag Baldorj Хураангуй: Cysticercosis caused by the larval form of the Taenia hydatigena tapeworm poses a global challenge to the livestock industry. A total of 56 goats slaughtered in Khishig-Undur, Mongolia were evaluated for the presence of cystic lesions. Collected cysts were assessed using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. In total, 46.4% (26/56) of evaluated goats were positive for T. hydatigena infection, with most cysts attached to the omentum, mesentery, liver, or spleen. Partial 12S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from all evaluated cysts and aligned with known sequences for T. hydatigena. Infection prevalence was higher in goats three years of age and older (50.0%; 17/34) compared to goats less than three years of age (40.0%; 9/22) (p=0.035). Infection with T. hydatigena appears to be highly prevalent in goats in Khishig-Undur. Additional studies are needed to evaluate local parasite transmission dynamics and the impact of this parasite on local livestock production.

The population of the domestic Bactrian camel of Mongolia (453,800 by 2021 official statistical data) is distributed mainly Umnugobi, Dornogobi, Dundgobi, Bayankhongor, Gobi-Altai, Khovd, Uvs, and Uvurkhangai provinces. There are three recognized breeds Hos Zogdort, Galbyn Gobi red, and Khaniin Hetsiin Khuren (Saipolda 2004).

Хураангуй 1980-аад оны сүүлч үеийг хүртэл манай улсын нарийн мэргэжлийн боловсон хүчнийг социалист орнуудад бэлтгэдэг байв. Энэ үеэс социалист орнуудын эдийн засаг хямралд өртсөнөөр манай улсад үзүүлж байсан тусламжийн хэмжээ эрс багассан. Зүүн европын орнуудаас манай улсад үзүүлж байсан тусламж зогсоход академич Ц.Жанчив залгамж халаагаа дотооддоо бэлтгэх ажлыг эхлүүлж (МУИС-ийн удирдлагад хандаж) МУИС-ийн харьяанд Генетик, молекул биологийн тэнхимийг гардан байгуулж 1989 оны намраас сургалтаа эхэлсэн. Тус тэнхимийг төгсөгчид ШУА-ийн Биологийн хүрээлэнгийн Молекул биологи, Генетик, Микробиологи, Микробын нийлэгжил, Ургамлын эд, эсийн өсгөврийн лабораториуд, Мал эмнэлгийн хүрээлэн, Нийгмийн эрүүл мэндийн хүрээлэн гэх мэт эрдмийн болон хувийн хэвшлийн байгууллагуудын боловсон хүчний хэрэгцээг хангаж байна. Энэ тэнхим өнгөрсөн 33 гаруй жилд 200 давсан мэргэжилтэн бэлтгэсэн бөгөөд одоогийн байдлаар ХБНГУ, Япон, АНУ, ОХУ, Солонгос зэрэг шинжлэх ухаан өндөр хөгжсөн орнуудад олон хүн эрдмийн зэрэг хамгаалсаар байна (1). Ийнхүү 1965 оноос гараагаа эхэлсэн Монголын генетикийн шинжлэх ухаан өнгөрсөн жилүүдэд генетикийн олон салбараар судалгаа хийдэг, өндөр боловсролтой боловсон хүчнээр хангагдсан, хойч үеэ бэлтгэх тэнхимтэй цогц бүтэц болж өссөн юм.

Митохондрын десоксирибонуклейн хүчлийн дарааллын филлосистемийн шинжилгээ болон ангилал зүйл төрөл зүйлийг тодорхойлоход түгээмэл ашигладаг.

Abstract: Genetic studies indicate to the importance of individual genetic diversity on predictor of mortality. Furthermore, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms can be used to identify disease-causing genes in humans and they can be either neutral or deleterious. Human Tumor necrosis factor-α is a well-known inflammation factor that is closely associated with sepsis and severe sepsis. Our objective was to evaluate the association of TNF-α -308 G/A promoter polymorphism with dependency to severity of pneumonia. Respiratory diseases, especially pneumonia, is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and the leading causes of pediatric hospitalization. We collected blood samples from 101 pediatric patients of the age group between "new born" and "school aged", who were treated and diagnosed with pneumonia in February 2019 and 2020, the pneumonia season in the country. Genomic DNA was extracted and performed by PCR-RFLP method to detect the presence of SNPs. The studies showed that the TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism among pediatric patients, genotype G;G was 73.27%, genotype A;G was 22.77%, and genotype A;A was 3.96%. Our study demonstrated the disassociation of TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism with pneumonia severity in population.

Gastrointestinal parasite infections in livestock and companion animals in Mongolia have not been investigated sufficiently. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyclophyllid cestodes (Taeniidae and Mesocestoididae) in Mongolian sheepdogs using copro-DNA analysis. Sheepdog fecal samples (n = 1242) were collected from five ecological zones (mountain taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, desert-steppe, and desert) and four geographical regions (Western, Khangai, Central, and Eastern) within 20 of the country's 21 provinces. Among the 1242 samples, 201 (16.2%) tested positive for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and ribosomal 12S rRNA encoding genes of cyclophyllid cestodes. Prevalence in the mountain taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, desert-steppe, and desert zones was 29.2%, 15.4%, 15.1%, 20.1%, and 9.1%, respectively. Prevalence in the Western, Khangai, Central, and Eastern regions was 19.9%, 18.6%, 12.1%, and 12.8%, respectively. Taenia hydatigena, Taenia multiceps, and two Mesocestoides species (Mesocestoides sp.1 and Mesocestoides sp.2) were identified. T. hydatigena was found in the samples from all 20 provinces (all five zones and four regions), while T. multiceps was detected in the samples from 19 provinces (all five zones and four regions). Mesocestoides sp.1 infection was detected in the samples from all zones (except desert) and regions; it was detected in 14 provinces. Mesocestoides sp.2 infection was detected in the samples from all zones (except mountain taiga) and regions and found in seven provinces. Cyclophyllidea infection in sheepdogs is highly prevalent across Mongolia, representing a zoonotic risk. Implementation of a surveillance program for sheepdogs and their owners, and the wild animals in all ecological zones should be considered. In addition, control measures, including public awareness campaigns, especially for sheepdog owners, and periodic deworming of sheepdogs are warranted.

Abstract Cyclophyllidean tapeworms obligatorily parasitize numerous mammalian species, including herbivores, domestic animals and humans, of which, the genera Taenia and Mesocestoides are well characterized. However, little is known about these parasitic infections in wild animals. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Taenia sp. and Mesocestoides sp. in wild carnivores in Mongolia by identifying tapeworm species based on mtDNA analysis. The field survey was carried out in 2012-2013 in 19 provinces located in different ecological regions. A total of 405 fecal samples from wild carnivores were collected. Specific DNA markers in fecal samples was detected via copro-DNA analysis and tapeworm species were identified by DNA sequencing. From 27.7% (112/405) of samples, cox1 and 12S rRNA genes of tapeworms were amplified. Further, Taenia hydatigena (50.0%, 56/112) and two Mesocestoides species, including Mesocestoides sp.-1 (36.6%, 41/112) and Mesocestoides sp.-2 (13.4%, 15/112) were identified by DNA sequencing. The prevalence of T. hydatigena was 19.9% (27/136), 13.8% (23/167), 4.8% (3/62), and 7.5% (3/40) in wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards, respectively. The prevalence of Mesocestoides sp.-1 was 14.7% (20/136), 9% (15/167), 9.7% (6/62) in wolves, red foxes, and corsac foxes, while the prevalence of Mesocestoides sp.-2 was 4.4% (6/136), 1.8% (3/167), 3.2% (2/62), and 10.0% (4/40) in wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards, respectively. T. hydatigena was found throughout all ecological regions, while Mesocestoides sp.-1 was in the mountain taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, desert-steppe, and desert, and Mesocestoides sp.-2 in the alpine, forest-steppe, steppe, and desert-steppe ecoregions. This study revealed the prevalence and distribution of cyclophyllidean tapeworms in wild carnivores in Mongolia; while also confirming that wolves, red foxes, corsac foxes, and snow leopards serve as definitive hosts for unidentified Mesocestoides species.

Генетикийн судалгаагаар нас баралтыг урьдчилан тодорхойлоход хувь хүний генетикийн олон янз байдал чухал болохыг өнөө үеийн судалгаанууд нотолж байна. Цаашилбал, дан нуклеотидын полиморфизм (SNP-)ыг ашиглан хүний өвчин үүсгэгч генийг тодорхойлох боломжтой бөгөөд тэдгээр нь саармаг эсвэл өвчин үүсгэгч байж болох талтай. Хүний Tumor necrosis factor-α ген нь tumor necrosis factor буюу кахексин болох цитокиныг кодлодог ба дархлааны эсийн зохицуулалт, эсийн апоптоз үхэл, хавдрын эсийн канцерогенез, үрэвсэл, үжил, вирусийн репликацид оролцдог. Бид энэхүү судалгаагаар хүний TNF- α генийн промотер дахь -308 G/A (rs1800629) полиморфизмыг ходоодны хорт хавдартай өвчтөнүүдэд хийсэн ба хамаарлыг үнэлэхэд зорьсон болно. Хавдар үүсэхэд олон хүчин зүйл нөлөөлдөг ба үүний нэг удамшлын хүчин зүйл юм. Удамшлын хүчин зүйл гадаад орчны нөлөөгөөр сэдэрч болно тухайлбал хооллолт. Манай улсад хорт хавдрын өвчлөл, ялангуяа ходоодны хорт хавдраар өвчлөгсдийн тоо дээгүүрт бичигдэж байгаа ба хүйсийн хувьд өвчлөлөөр эрэгтэйчүүдэд давамгайлж байна. Статистик мэдээнээс үзвэл ходоодны хорт хавдрын өвчлөлийн түвшин (10000 хүн амд ноогдох) 2019 оны байдлаар 3.3, сүүлийн 10 жилийн дунджаар 0.5-аар болж өсжээ. Бид ходоодны хорт хавдрын оноштой 36 хүнээс, эрүүл контрол групп 35 хүнээс цусны дээж авсан ба геномын ДНХ ялгаж PCR-RFLP аргын дагуу бодгаль бүрийн нэг нуклеотидын полиморфизмыг илрүүлэх замаар өвчлөл болон генетик олон янз байдлын хамаарлыг судалсан болно.

Өргөн хүрээг хамарсан хямрал хүний зан төрхөд нөлөөлдөг. Тухайлбал: • 1918 оны Испанид цар тахлаар голдуу 15-45 насны залуучууд эндсэн. Уг цар тахлаар амьд үлдэгсэд эрүүл мэнд болон сэтгэл зүйн хүнд цохилтот орсон. • Испани цар тахлын үед ажиллах хүчний дутагдалд орж цалин өсөж, нийгмийн халамжийн үйлчилгээний эрэлт хэрэгцээ нэмэгдсэн. • Дэлхийн 2-р дайны дараа эмэгтэйчүүдэд хандах хандлага, дэлхийн ажиллах хүчний бүтцэд эрс өөрчлөлт авчирсан. • 2001 оны 9-р сарын 11-ний халдлагийн дараа агаарын тээврийн хэрэгслийн аюулгүй байдалд анхаарлаа хандуулах шаардлагыг бий болголоо. Үүнээс гадна эдийн засагт сөргөөр нөлөөсөн. Орчны бохирдолттой хотын оршин суугчид хөдөөгийн оршин суугчдыг бодоход уг вирусийн штамд илүү өртөмтгий байсан. Энэ нь агаарын бохирдол нь томуугийн вирус өвчтөний хүндрэл нь шууд хамааралтайг харуулж байна.

Abstract: Various types of toxic xenobiotic and electrophilic compounds, which were formed from the glutathione S-transferases cell metabolism and the oxidation stress, are the group enzymes with detoxification roles that are involved in the metabolism phase II. During the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene homozygous deletion, the above enzymes completely lose their activity and consequently somatic mutation is formed. Furthermore, it is considered that it might have increased the risk of cancer. Therefore, the research works which connected the GSTMI and GSTTI gene deletion with the cancer of kidney, lung, prostate, breast, stomach, esophagus, large and narrow intestines. In this study, two gene deletion distribution is detected for cancer patients. We collected the blood samples of 60 patients who have been diagnosed with cancer. The DNA was extracted and the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were amplified using multiplex PCR. According to our research, the above two gene deletion is predominant among patients who have cancer. The results showed that from the total 60 patients GSTM1 and GSTT1 both deletions, GSTM1 gene deletion - 35%, GSTM1 gene deletion - 25%, GSTT1 gene deletion - 26.7%, GSTM1 and GSTT1 both positive -13.3 %. Therefore, we think that in order to prevent tumor and cancer, these gene mutations must be revealed and it is important to bring the risky group under medical control and assist them in order to prevent them from this disease. Keywords: GSTM1;

Enterococci belongs to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) comprising both Pathogenic and Commensal microorganisms ubiquitous in food, public health and as well as in medical microbiology. In addition, several numbers of Enterococcus strains have been reported to produce antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocine and biofilm (Charles at al., 2006). Bacteriocine production have been applied to preservation of a wide range of food products and is now being considered as a Probiotic trait (Yang et al., 2014). Besides, bacteriocines are considered as promising alternative to fight emerging antimicrobial resistance (Cotter et al., 2013; Hammami et al., 2013). Enterococcus faecalis is a facultative anaerobe, non- motile, Gram-positive bacterium found in soil, water, food, plants, sewage and also in milk products. A total of 6 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from fermented mare milk collected from Altanbulag, Bayandelger and Erdene soum in Tuv aimag province. These isolates were identified with 96-98% of probability as E. faecalis on the basis morphological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. All isolates can growth in temperature range of 27-47eC; pH range of 1.5- 12.6; and in broth with 4-6.5% of NaCI, and 3% of bile. We found that E9, E2, B7 isolates were produce white ropy biofilm on solid medium. Therefore, we has determined the 16S rRNA sequence, and aligned with other bacterial 16S rRNA sequences [Study on Effect of Dietary Starch Source and Concentration on Equine Fecal Microbiota - KX073794.1, Study on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Phenotype, C. difficile and NOD2 Genotype Are Associated with Shifts in Human Ileum Associated Microbial Composition (Enterococcus faecalis) - HQ751957.1, Study on Characterization of Onchorhynchus mykiss intestinal microflora (Enterococcus faecalis) -JQ.388687.1, Research on Isolation, identification and characterization of microorganisms from milk product (Enterococcus faecalis) - KJ725216.1, Research on Identification and Phylogenetic analysis of a pathogenicbacterial strain (Enterococcus faecalis)) - KU937390.1]. In the result of the Phylogenetic tree and Blast, B7 isolate was a Pathogen, A4 isolate was found as where in dietary food of animal. According to our results E9 isolate looks like an inflammatory pathogen. In the conclusion, nowadays study of the E. faecalis strains with commercial properties is announced, because they have significant application in food industry, public health and in medical microbiology (human and animal). We will determine the bacteriocine producing activity of these bacterial strains in our next experiments. Keyword: Enterococcus faecalis, 16S RNA, biofilm, antimicrobial resistance

The domestic goat (Capra hircus) is the most adaptable and geographically widespread livestock species. Domestic goats provide a full range of useful products to human society (e.g., meat, milk, and fiber) and this makes the goats one of the most useful animals that humans have ever domesticated. The origin, genetic diversity, conservation, and sustainable utilization of this species have received close attention for a long time. Eukaryotic cells genetic relations are studied using various molecular biological methods and markers. Out of them, the most commonly used method is mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. In our study 22 reference sequences from GenBank database were chosen for phylogenic comparison with Mongolian goat our obtained 4 breeds sequences were grouped in the A haplogroup, bayandelger red 1 sample and zavkhan grey 1 sample breeds grouped in the B and C haplogroup and Zalaa jiinst white, Zavkhan grey, Bayandelger red and Erchim black per each breeds 1 sample grouped into the B haplogroups. The validity of the main haplogroups was strongly approved by the bootstrap values of >90%.

Enterococcus faecalis нь сүү, сүүн бүтээгдэхүүнээс ихээр олддог боловч бусад хүнсний бүтээгдэхүүнд мөн тохиолдоно.

In order to assess the genetic diversity and maternal lineages of Mongolian native horse populations, we examined using mitochondrial DNA control region sequence analyses. The control region of mitochondrial DNA is widely used for population and evolutionary studies because of its high level of sequence variation, in addition to a lack of recombination and maternal heritance. To determine genetic diversity and maternal heritance, we collected 19 blood samples of Darhad horses from Khuvsgul, Tes horses from Zavkhan and Taij horses from Dundgobi, Mongolia. In this study, 16 haplotypes and 51 polymorphic sites were detected. Haplotype diversity was 0.9766 and nucleotide diversity was 0.0212 in Mongolian native horses. Finally, 5 horse haplogroups (A, C, D, F, I) were identified in 16 haplotypes in this study.