Бидний тухай
Багш ажилтан
This abstract presents a study focusing on the social challenges confronting women with disabilities in Mongolia, examining prevalent obstacles and societal dynamics. Historically, disability issues in Mongolia received minimal government attention during transitional periods. However, recent legislative developments, particularly the enactment of the "Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" in 2016, signify a notable shift towards prioritizing disability rights. This study explores important quantitative data and research findings to outline the socio-economic landscape for women with disabilities. In 2022, Mongolia records 115,115 registered persons with disabilities, with women constituting 42.6 percent. Mental and hearing impairments are notably higher among women. However, their participation in early childhood education and mainstream schooling remains disproportionately lower compared to men with disabilities. Furthermore, women with disabilities face increased unemployment rates, often due to limited opportunities in the formal job market, resulting in reliance on informal sector employment or caregiving roles, contributing to their increased risk of poverty. Women with disabilities encounter compounded vulnerability to disability and gender-based discrimination. Domestic violence is significantly more prevalent among women with disabilities, with underreporting to authorities due to perceived inadequacies in protection and support mechanisms. Key challenges faced by women with disabilities in Mongolia include inadequate policy implementation, specifically in addressing age, gender, residential location, and specific needs. Insufficient funding for policy execution further hinders sustained support for this demographic. Additionally, physical inaccessibility of public infrastructure such as buildings and transportation systems limits their educational and employment opportunities. The study underscores the exclusion of women with disabilities from decision-making processes that impact their lives, highlighting systemic biases and underrepresentation. Gender stereotypes and discrimination further delay their access to education and healthcare services. The abstract calls for inclusive policy interventions that address systemic barriers and societal prejudices, advocating for robust policy frameworks with adequate resources to ensure equitable opportunities and social integration for women with disabilities in Mongolia. This research contributes to advancing understanding and promoting actionable solutions towards enhancing the quality of life and rights of women with disabilities in the country.
МУИС бол Монгол улсад жендэр судлалын сургалт, судалгааг академик түвшинд эрхэлсэн анхны их сургууль юм. 1990-ээд оны дунд үеэс МУИС-д жендэр судлалын сургалт, судалгааны суурь тавигдаж, 2000-аад оны эхэн үеэс өргөжин сүүлийн жилүүдэд салбар дундын шинжтэй болон хөгжсөн байна. МУИС-д Монгол улсын анхны академик сургалтын хөтөлбөрийг хэрэгжүүлэн Жендэр судлалын үндэсний мэргэжилтэн бэлтгэж, Монгол улсын анхны академик судалгааны нэгж байгуулагдсан нь: • Салбар дундын сургалт, судалгааг хөгжүүлэх • Судалгаанд суурилсан бодлого, төлөвлөлт боловсруулах, хэрэгжилтийг хангах, хянах үйл ажиллагааг эрчимжүүлэх • Жендэрийн тэгш байдлыг хангах, тэгш бус байдлыг бууруулах хөгжлийн зорилтуудыг хэрэгжүүлэхэд төр, иргэний нийгэм, ОУ-ын хөгжлийн байгууллагууд болон академик байгууллагуудын хамтын ажиллагааг өргөжүүлэх • Монгол улс, ялангуяа МУИС-ийг бүс нутагт Жендэр судлалын чиглэлээр манлайлан ажиллах зэрэгт хувь нэмэр оруулж байна.
МУИС бол Монгол улсад жендэр судлалын сургалт, судалгааг академик түвшинд эрхэлсэн анхны их сургууль юм. 1990-ээд оны дунд үеэс МУИС-д жендэр судлалын сургалт, судалгааны суурь тавигдаж, 2000-аад оны эхэн үеэс өргөжин сүүлийн жилүүдэд салбар дундын шинжтэй болон хөгжсөн байна. МУИС-д Монгол улсын анхны академик сургалтын хөтөлбөрийг хэрэгжүүлэн Жендэр судлалын үндэсний мэргэжилтэн бэлтгэж, Монгол улсын анхны академик судалгааны нэгж байгуулагдсан нь: • Салбар дундын сургалт, судалгааг хөгжүүлэх • Судалгаанд суурилсан бодлого, төлөвлөлт боловсруулах, хэрэгжилтийг хангах, хянах үйл ажиллагааг эрчимжүүлэх • Жендэрийн тэгш байдлыг хангах, тэгш бус байдлыг бууруулах хөгжлийн зорилтуудыг хэрэгжүүлэхэд төр, иргэний нийгэм, ОУ-ын хөгжлийн байгууллагууд болон академик байгууллагуудын хамтын ажиллагааг өргөжүүлэх • Монгол улс, ялангуяа МУИС-ийг бүс нутагт Жендэр судлалын чиглэлээр манлайлан ажиллах зэрэгт хувь нэмэр оруулж байна.
Нийгэм, соёлын антропологийн судалгаа болон шаталсан сургалтыг цогцоор нь эрхэлж ирсэн институт бол МУИС-ийн Антропологи-Археологийн тэнхим юм. Тус тэнхимийн үйл ажиллагаа нь Монголд уламжлал болж байсан этнографи дээр суурилан этнологи, антропологийг цогцоор нь хөгжүүлэхэд чиглэгдэж иржээ. 1991 онд МУИС-д Нийгмийн ухааны факультетад Нийгмийн судалгааны төв байгуулагдаж, уг төв нь өргөжин 1993 оноос Угтсаатны зүйн тэнхим болон байгуулагдсан. 1994 оноос Угсаатны зүйн магистрын сургалт эхлүүлж, 1995 оноос бакалавр, магистр, докторын шаталсан сургалт эрхэлж эхэлсэн. 2005 онд тэнхимийн бүтэц, зохион байгуулалт өөрчлөгдөж олон улсын жижигт нийцүүлэн сургалтын хөтөлбөрийг шинэчилсэн. 2005-2017 онд нийгэм соёлын антропологич мэргэжлээр төгсгөсөн. 2014 онд МУИС-д өрнөсөн бүтцийн өөрчлөлтөөр Антропологи-Археологийн болон Нийгэм соёлын антропологийн тэнхимүүд Антропологи, Археологийн тэнхим болон нэгдэж Антропологи мэргэжлээр мэргэжилтэн батлгаж эхэлсэн. Либерал арт хөтөлбөрийг МУИС хэрэгжүүлж эхэлсэнтэй холбоотойгоор антропологи мэргэжлийн хөтөлбөрт нийгэм, соёлын антропологи болон биологийн антропологийн хичээлүүдийг нөтөлбөрт нэгтгэж, дэлхийн жишгийг даган мэргэшүүлэх хичээлүүдийг хөгжлийн антропологи болон экологийн антропологи гэсэн 2 мэргэшилээр төгсгөх болсон.
In Mongolia, men face several health problems, including a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. These health issues are influenced by factors such as lifestyle choices, limited access to healthcare services, and cultural norms. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is a significant concern with it being one of the leading causes of disease burden in the country. Lack of knowledge about blood pressure and its risks is also more common among younger and male populations. To address these issues, this paper makes effort to raise awareness, improve access to healthcare services, and promote preventive measures for men’s health in Mongolia. Men’s health problems in Mongolia encompass a range of issues that require attention and support. Addressing men’s health problems in Mongolia requires a comprehensive approach involving public health campaigns, policy initiatives, healthcare infrastructure development, and community engagement. By prioritizing men’s health and implementing targeted interventions, we can improve the well-being and quality of life for men in Mongolia.
In August 2016, we conducted fieldwork to studythe impact of miningactivities on the environment and the lifestyle of herders in the Dorgont Bag area of Dashinchilen Sum, Bulgan province. The team collected field research materials (interviews and observations). The herders in the Dorgont bag have traditionally been raising sheep, goats, and cattle as the land in the areais an appropriateplace to raise livestock. In recent years, mining activities rapidly increased in the Dorgont area. According to theresults of the study, due to the gold mining of the ‘Altan dornod Mongol’, the integrity of the environment has been lost by limiting the ability of herders to actively use the land, destroying the surface, contaminating,and drying up the surface water, and reducing the species of animals and plants. This way, the negative impact of gold mining on the environment directly and indirectly affectsthe lives of herders, and in the long run, itis expected to have negative consequences for the stable livelihood of herders and to violate herdsmen's human rights.
This presentation will reviews the development of the Women’s NGOs in Mongolia, and discusses the role of the Women’s NGOs in the process of a political transition to democracy. Data were constructed through two methods, interviews and document analysis. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select 30 representatives of Women’s NGO’s in Mongolia. The 20th century was marked by a profound emancipation of Mongolian women, the elevation of their educational and professional status and their ultimate and fortunate inclusion into the social, economic, political and cultural life into the nation. Mongolian women’s organization focused on the improvement of women’s social status up to the 1980s but specifically aimed to approach the gender equality in education, employment and politics. A dramatic economic and political transformation began in Mongolia with the collapse of Soviet Union, Mongolia started a transition from a being a communist state into a democratic republic in 1990. After the fall of communism in Mongolia, the country adopted a new democratic constitution, which guaranteed equal rights for men and women in 1992. Prior to democratization, as the women’s organizations in Mongolia began to change with a different aspect in the early 1990s. In Mongolia the women’s movement began to form as NGOs, and the NGOs initial focus was on provision of the social protection and social security for women that were no longer provided by the state, and started to evolve to new strategies for achieving increased impact of transition on women. Establishing gender equality in diverse social institutions has been one of the most important objectives of women’s organizations worldwide. Paralleling this worldwide phenomenon, the number of women’s organizations in Mongolia increased dramatically with the government establishing the national mechanism for women’s issues. Women’s NGOs in Mongolia have achieved remarkable progress in advancing women’s rights and status within society and become more institutionalized than ever. Creative forms of new networks and diverse feminist subjectivities have come to existence since the mid 1990s in Mongolia. This new generation of Women’s NGOs started to extended advocacy efforts, growing from influencing decisions on certain issues to include monitoring or watchdog activities and role in the legislative process. Also Women’s NGOs were not limited to only women’s issues.
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 1921 REVOLUTION IN IMPROVING THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN MONGOLIAN SOCIETY The social, economic, political, and cultural changes that took place in Mongolia after the 1921 revolution played a key role in inspiring all Mongolians, including women, to take part in education and social life, and to improve the status of women in society. The government's enacted policies on women had different goals, methods of implementation and result depending on the political, social, economic, and cultural conditions. However, the continuity of public policy towards women has not been consistent. New norms and values following the transition to a democratic system have not been established. Due to a number of factors, including the ineffectiveness of policies to reduce poverty and inequality, the government's policies to improve the social and economic status of women during the transition years have not been as successful. This report introduces the Mongolian government's policies on women in the twentieth century, their implementation and results.
Дэлхий нийтийг хамарсан Ковид-19 цар тахал улс орнуудын хөдөлмөрийн зах зээлийг цочроож, хүнд ба хөнгөн үйлдвэрлэл, үйлчилгээний салбар төдийгүй худалдан авалт, борлуулалт, тээвэрлэлт, хөрөнгө оруулалт зэрэг эдийн засгийн харилцаанд оролцогч бүхий л талуудад хүндээр тусч байгаа төдийгүй өрхийн амьжиргаанд сөргөөр нөлөөлж байна. Тус судалгаа нь Ковид–19 цар тахлын онцгой нөхцөл байдлын үед зорилтод бүлгийн өрхийн амьжиргаанд тулгарсан бэрхшээлийн нөлөөг буруулахад Хүүхдийн мөнгөн тэтгэмж, Хүнс тэжээлийн дэмжлэг, Нийгмийн халамжийн тэтгэвэр, тэтгэмжийн мөнгө яаж тус дэм болсон, Засгийн газрын дээрх бодлого, арга хэмжээ зорьсон зорилтдоо хүрсэн эсэхийг судлах зорилготой. Ковид-19 ийн үед Монгол улс бүх хүүхдэд ямар нэгэн нөхцөлгүйгээр бэлэн мөнгө өгч байгаа, Хүүхдийн мөнгөн тэтгэмжийн хэмжээг 100 мянган төгрөгт хүргэж нэмэгдүүлсэн нь богино хугацаанд цар тахалын үеийн хүндрэл бэрхшээлийг даван туулахад үр нөлөөтэй байсан төдийгүй урт хугацаанд тэгш бус байдлыг бууруулах, хүний хөгжлийг хангахад нь тодорхой хувь нэмэр оруулж байна. Хүнсний эрхийн бичиг өрхийн амьжиргаанд тодорхой хэмжээнд эерэг нөлөө үзүүлж байгаа ч чанарын судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад хүнсний эрхийн бичгийн мөнгөн дүнгийн нэмэгдэл нь цар тахалын үеийн өрхийн орлогын бууралт, өргөн хэрэглээний барааны үнийн дүнгийн өсөлтийг төдийлөн гүйцэж чадахгүй байсан тул хүнсний эрхийн бичгийн үнийн дүнг жил бүрийн инфляцийн түвшинтэй уялдуулан нэмэгдүүлэх шаардлагатай нь харагдлаа.
Marriage migration of Mongolians to South Korea has increased since mid-1990s, in company with immigrant laborers and became one of the primary contributors to the bi-national population movement. And, tens of thousands of Mongolians expatriates are one of primary contributors to the first-ever multicultural trend throughout Korean history. Owing to the political, economic, and social transformation of the transition period, all Mongolians had been suddenly endowed with a great deal of freedom and personal opportunities which were beyond the boundary conception under the socialism and planned economy. While Mongolian people were involved in the abruptly-switching environments, they might anticipate witnessing the short-term outputs and enjoying a huge benefit from the shift term. The reality of the Mongolian society was, however, somewhat different from their expectation. Especially, it has not brought any breakthrough in the political, economic, and social status of Mongolian women, except for education. Notwithstanding the high level of educational qualifications of the women, they were barely standing on more competitive prestige than men in Mongolian society. Instead, Mongolian women’s participation rate in paid jobs has rather decreased. Another consequence of the ‘reverse’ gender gap of the education attainment level created a serious imbalance between males and females in orbit for marriage. This social mood of Mongolia naturally influenced many women to migrate into, mainly, South Korea for the purpose of marriage as a way to improve the standard of living for themselves and their family. This paper seeks for in-depth discussion on the future-centered approach from gender and family perspectives by looking over a close bi-national relation between bother nations, articulating characteristics of Mongolian expatriates and female marriage migrants in South Korea, analyzing their socio-cultural impact on Korea’s multiculturalism, thinking about a role of Mongolian female marriage immigrants, being interconnected with South Korean society’s forthcoming future.
UNDERSTANDING THE COVID-19'S IMPACT ON MONGOLIAN WOMEN Tsetsegjargal Tseden1 Khaliun Bold2 Key words: pandemic, women, gender, impact of Covid-19 The paper assessed the pandemic’s impact on women in Mongolia in three interlinked areas-personal, family life and career. Even though Mongolian women are generally more educated and consequently better prepared for income-generating activities than men on average, there are significant gender disparities in the labour market, particularly in terms of types of jobs typically pursued by men and women. Official data shows that women are over-represented in education (76.4 per cent), health care and social work activities (82,5 per cent). And, there is also a large share of women work in public sectors and informal sectors Covid-19, differently impacting on all sectoral women’s education, self-care and development. Health and social care worker are more likely to be front-line and they face elevated risks of infection during Covid-19. Majority of all level of teachers working remotely during Covid-19 and they were lacking of good working condition. Many women in private and informal sector have found themselves juggling increased unpaid care work while contending with reduced income. Due to school closure, majority of women bear an unequal share of unpaid care and the domestic work burden which have increased significantly during Covid-19. Furthermore, domestic violence calls have increased (In the first quarter of 2020, reports of incidents of domestic violence to Mongolia’s National Police Agency increased by nearly 50 per cent compared to the same period in 2019) and several women’s suicide cases have reported. During Covid-19, however most working women’s family responsibilities increased and more stressed than before pandemic, they were relatively good at adapting to the new situation. Empirical data shows that most women started to rethink about their career and personal and they are trying to acquire new knowledge and skills and considering on their self-development.
Marriage migration of Mongolians to South Korea has increased since mid-1990s, in company with immigrant laborers and became one of the primary contributors to the bi-national population movement. And, tens of thousands of Mongolians expatriates are one of primary contributors to the first-ever multicultural trend throughout Korean history. Owing to the political, economic, and social transformation of the transition period, all Mongolians had been suddenly endowed with a great deal of freedom and personal opportunities which were beyond the boundary conception under the socialism and planned economy. While Mongolian people were involved in the abruptly-switching environments, they might anticipate witnessing the short-term outputs and enjoying a huge benefit from the shift term. The reality of the Mongolian society was, however, somewhat different from their expectation. Especially, it has not brought any breakthrough in the political, economic, and social status of Mongolian women, except for education. Notwithstanding the high level of educational qualifications of the women, they were barely standing on more competitive prestige than men in Mongolian society. Instead, Mongolian women’s participation rate in paid jobs has rather decreased. Another consequence of the ‘reverse’ gender gap of the education attainment level created a serious imbalance between males and females in orbit for marriage. This social mood of Mongolia naturally influenced many women to migrate into, mainly, South Korea for the purpose of marriage as a way to improve the standard of living for themselves and their family. This paper seeks for in-depth discussion on the future-centered approach from gender and family perspectives by looking over a close bi-national relation between bother nations, articulating characteristics of Mongolian expatriates and female marriage migrants in South Korea, analyzing their socio-cultural impact on Korea’s multiculturalism, thinking about a role of Mongolian female marriage immigrants, being interconnected with South Korean society’s forthcoming future.
БАЙГАЛЬ ОРЧИН БОЛОН МАЛЧДЫН АМЬДРАЛД ҮЗҮҮЛЭХ УУЛ УУРХАЙН НӨЛӨӨЛӨЛ /Булган аймгийн Дашинчилэн сумын Доргонот багийн жишээн дээр/ 1990-ээд онд өрнөсөн шилжилтийн жилүүдэд уул уурхай, ялангуяа алтны аж үйлдвэрлэл эрчимтэй хөгжиж, монголын эдийн засгийн тэргүүлэх салбарын нэг болжээ. Эдүгээ ч энэ салбарын монголын эдийн засагт гүйцэтгэх үүрэг хэвээр бөгөөд Эдийн засгийг сэргээх хөтөлбөрийг хэрэгжүүлэх зорилгоор “Алт-2” хөтөлбөрийг 2017 онд Монгол улсын Засгийн газраас баталж хоёр үе шаттай хэрэгжүүлж байна. Уул уурхайн үйлдвэрлэл эрчимжихийн хэрээр усны алдагдал, байгаль орчны бохирдол зэрэг сөрөг үзэгдлүүд ихсэж, уламжлалт нүүдлийн амьдралын хэв маяг өөрчлөгдөх, соёлын биет болон биет бус дурсгалуудын хадгалалт хамгаалалтанд сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлэх зэрэг эрсдлүүд гарч байна. Судалгааны талбар болох Булган аймгийн Дашинчилэн сумын Доргонот багийн нутагт 2016 онд хийсэн хээрийн судалгаагааны дүнгээс харвал Алтан дорнод компаны алт олборлотоос үүдэн газар нутгийг идэвхитэй ашиглах бололцоо хязгаарлагдах, газрын гадаргууг сүйтгэх, гадаргууны ус бохирдох болон ширгэх, ан амьтан болон ургамлын төрөл зүйл цөөрөх зэргээр тус нутгийн байгаль орчны бүрэн бүтэн байдалд таагүй нөлөө үзүүлжээ.
1990- ээд оноос хойш монголын нийгэм, эдийн засаг, улс төр, соёлын хүрээнд ихээхэн өөрчлөлт гарсан. Энэхүү өөрчлөлтийн нэгээхэн хэсэг нь монголын нийгэмд гүнзгийрч буй тэгш бус байдал юм. Энэхүү илтгэлдээ эдийн засаг болон нийгмийн /боловсрол, эрүүл мэнд, нийгмийн халамж/ хүрээний тэгш бус байдалд нөлөөлж буй соёлын хүчин зүйлсийг /шилжилтийн болон шилжилтийн дараах үе/ боломж, чадавхи, оролцооны хувьд хэрхэн нөлөөж буйд анализ хийсэн. Мөн Монголын нийгэмд бүрэлдэн хэлбэржиж буй тэгш бус байдлын соёлын зарим нэг илрэлийг тодорхойлж нэгтгэн дүгнэсэн юм.
