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This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of online learning at Mongolia’s National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) by examining selected master’s-level courses. The analysis was conducted at three levels: course design, instructor involvement, and student learning outcomes. Drawing on Otto Peters’ theory of the industrialization of distance education and the Talent Development Association’s framework for online learning design, the study undertakes a detailed process and cost analysis of both online and traditional course delivery. Student performance was compared between online and face-to-face modalities. The cost per student was estimated and the cost-effectiveness of both traditional and online learning modes was compared. The findings provide practical insights into the economic and educational viability of online learning in the higher education context of a developing country.
By sustaining the required capital and investment, the financial sector plays a critical role in achieving economic growth and stability. The article conducts a comprehensive examination of the relationships between stock market development and economic growth in 11 post-socialist countries and China. Unbalanced panel data from selected countries from 1995 to 2020 were used for this study. We wanted to disclose the cointegration of crucial variables in assessing Granger causalities using the Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) model. Our findings confirm the Neutrality Hypothesis (NLH) when we investigated the existence of an independent association between Economic Growth (EG) and the Composite Index of Stock Market Development (SMI). The study's recommendations emphasize the significance of changing economic policies to account for disparities in economic growth and stock market development to ensure sustainable development in the selected countries.
