Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл

Монгол улсын зүүн бүс нутгаас руни бичгийн багагүй дурсгал илэрч бүртгэгдсэн байна. “Зүүн бүс нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгал” гэсэн ангилалд Дорнод, Хэнтий, Сүхбаатар аймгийн нутаг дэвсгэрээс илрүүлсэн дурсгалуудыг бид хамааруулж байгаа болно. Анх 1961 онд Дорнод аймгийн нутгаас руни бичээст зоосыг судалснаар тус бүс нутаг дахь руни бичгийн монгол дахь судалгааны ажил эхэлсэн түүхтэй. Гэвч тэр цаг үеэс хойш цөөн хэдэн бичээс илэрч байсан бол сүүлийн жилүүдэд ашигт малтмал олборлох лиценз бүхий талбайд хийсэн археологийн хайгуул, мөн археологийн бие даасан бусад олон хайгуул судалгааны ажлын хүрээнд руни бичгийн цөөнгүй дурсгал илрүүлж судалгааны эргэлтэд оруулжээ. Тус бүс нутаг дахь зарим руни бичээсийг зөвхөн ганц нэг судлаач тухайлан судалснаас хэтрэхгүй, хязгаарлагдмал хүрээний судалгаа зонхилж байгаа тул тэдгээрийг шинжлэх ухааны үндэстэй, системтэйгээр дахин судлан бүртгэх зайлшгүй шаардлагатай байгаа билээ. Үүний учир Монгол улсын зүүн бүс нутгийн руни бичгийн дурсгалын судалгааг уг судалгааны илтгэлд авч үзэх болно. Тус судалгааг МУИС-ийн “Залуу судлаачдын багийн тэтгэлэгт төсөл (P2022-4373)”-ийн хүрээнд гүйцэтгэв.

Poetry and hymns, with their deep meanings, allow a person to express everything that he or she wants to say but cannot express or cannot fully express in words that come from the depths of the inner world. Therefore, they have the power to touch the soul of every reader. Many names have written in this genre of literature over the centuries, but only some of them have achieved worldwide fame. Yunus Emre, the classical representative of Turkish poetry, who lived in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, is rightly one of those names. In his poems and hymns, Yunus Emre speaks of the essence of human life and the teachings of Islam but presents them to the reader in a simple form. For this reason, 'Yunus Emre Studies', which have been carried out in Turkey in recent years in order to introduce and spread Yunus Emre's humanism, life and works to other countries of the world, have become increasingly popular. In Mongolia, there are no translated works or research books covering the XIII-XIVth century Turkish literature period. For this reason, in this study, Yunus Emre's works, his life and some important studies on his works will be mentioned.

Since the last part of the 19th century, runic inscriptions have been continuously discovered on Mongolian territory. This proves that there are countless undiscovered old Turkish monuments in Mongolia. The introduction of the recently discovered runic monuments is essential for all Turkologists, including linguists, folklorists, and historians. By expanding the lexicon of ancient Turkish, whose words and characters of the just newly discovered runic inscription, this enhances studies in all fields. As of 2022, a total of 101 locations in Mongolia had yielded the discovery of 182 runic inscriptions. In 2018, we provided an overview of 21 runic inscriptions found between 2010 and 2017 as well as specific information on 13 small-monuments, or rock inscriptions. As a continuation of this, this article will outline the research and status of 15 new monuments that were found in Mongolia between 2018 and 2021. Preliminary assessments indicate that as of 2022, roughly four runic inscriptions have been found. Since new inscriptions can still be found and registered until the end of 2022, they are not included in our analysis because the initial research and explanations have not yet been published. When examining the newly discovered monuments in the last four years, five monuments were found in 2018, four in 2020, and three each in 2019 and 2021. These monuments are all examples of rock inscriptions. Sharing information and compiling a list of words for the inscriptions stated above are the two main objectives of this article.

Монгол нутгаас руни бичгийн шинэ шинэ дурсгал жил бүр илэрсээр эдүгээ сүүлийн тоо баримтаар нийт 108 газраас 193 дурсгал бүртгэгджээ. Үүнээс зөвхөн 2023 онд гэхэд таван шинэ дурсгал илэрсэн нь бичээс судлалын хувьд маш чухал амжилт юм. Уг өгүүлэлд, 2022 онд бүртгэгдсэн Ногоон уулын I бичээсийн уншлага судалгаа болон 2023 онд илэрсэн Ногоон уулын II ба III бичээсийн талаар авч үзэх болно. Доктор Т.Идэрхангайгийн удирдсан судалгааны баг 2022 онд Хэнтий аймгийн Бор-Өндөр, Дархан сумдын зааг нутаг Ногоон уулаас эртний түрэг бичгийн нэгэн дурсгал илрүүлсэн бөгөөд түүний мэдээллийн дагуу 2023 онд тус дурсгалыг судлах явцдаа манай төслийн багийнхан тус газраас мөн хоёр шинэ дурсгал илрүүлсэн болно.

Монгол улсад руни бичиг судлалаар гарсан нэг сэдэвт бүтээлүүд болон судалгааны үр дүнгийн талаар өгүүлнэ.

Монголын өргөн уудам нутагт хад, чулуун хөшөөнөө олон зүйл тамгын дурсгалыг түүхийн олон цаг үед ганц нэгээр болон цогцоор үйлдэн мөнхөлсөн арвин дурсгал буй. Тэрхүү тамганы цогц дурсгалыг доорх байдлаар ангилан судлах боломжтой. Үүнд: 1. Нэг хад, хөшөө дээрх олон тамга бүхий дурсгал 2. Руни бичгийн дурсгалтай хамт болон ойролцоо тархмал орших тамга дурсгал 3. Хадны зураг бүхий газар тархмал байдалтай орших тамга дурсгал 4. Дан тамгат чуулбар дурсгал эдгээр болно. Тамганы цогц дурсгалыг ангилах дээрх саналыг бид өмнөх судалгааны ажилдаа тусгасан билээ(Аззаяа Б., 2022b). Тиймээс энд ангиллын зөвхөн нэг, хоёрдугаар зүйл буюу хөшөө болон руни бичгийн дурсгалтай хамт болон ойролцоо тархмал орших тамга дурсгалын талаар тухайлан өгүүлнэ.

In Mongolia's eastern region, a considerable quantity of Runic inscriptions were found and recorded. Inscriptions found in the areas of Dornod, Sükhbaatar, and Khentii aimag have been added to the category "Research on Runic inscriptions located in the Eastern regions of Mongolia." The discovery of a coin from the Dornod aimag bearing a runic inscription served as the impetus for this region's investigation in 1961, Mongolia. Since then, just a few inscriptions have been uncovered, but in recent years, huge inscriptions have been discovered as a consequence of permitted mining sites as well as several other independent archeological field study projects. The past research was carried out only by a few researchers in restricted circumstances, so there is an urgent need to carry out systematic, scientific research and document these Runic inscriptions. As a result, the major objective of this article is to conduct a thorough investigation of the monuments situated in Mongolia's eastern region.

One of the bilingual communities surviving today in Mongolia, which is the cultural heritage site of the ancient communities that left their mark on the history of Central Asia, are the Tuvan and the Dukha, which is considered a branch of them.In this study, it is aimed to reflect the language teaching practices carried out for the young generation of Tuvan and Dukha origin living in the Northwest Mongolia region and to reveal the views of the Dukha,the reindeer herder living in the triangular tent, on the Dukha language, which is the heritage language shown in the endangered languages category, and the supportive education practices carried out. The study was designed as two-stage qualitative research methods, such as field research and case study. First of all,the living areas of Tuvans and Dukhas in the Western and Northern regions of Mongolia were visited, and data were collected from available sources. In the second stage, interviews were conducted with the Dukha children studying in the town school through a semi-structured interview form. Obtained interview data were analyzed by content analysis. In the study, it was observed that Dukha children acquired L1 language in the family environment and also learned L2 language,but mostly they communicated in the dominant L2 language and therefore language change and endangered language situation progressed day by day. The country’s local languages support policy and the positive impact of the heritage language supportive trainings made from time to time by various international institutions for families and children were mentioned.

In the Bulgan province, which is located in Mongolia's central region, there have been several archaeological discoveries dating back to the Ancient Turkic and Uighur Khaganate periods. In terms of variety, number, and construction, the Bayannuur sum discoveries from the aforementioned province's Shoroon Bumbagar site in 2011 provided as a magnificent evidence of the period's artistic output. The eight runic inscriptions discovered within the boundaries of the Bulgan province are listed below, ordered by the discovery date. Ikh Asgat I. and II. Inscriptions from 1891; Mogoin Shine Us Inscription from 1909; Arkhanan Inscription, Gurvajin Uul Inscription, and Khangidai I. Inscription from 1926– 1930; Golden bracteat Inscription from 1983; and Khangidai II. Inscription from 2021. Four of the inscriptions were on rocks, two were on memorial slabs, one was on a classical monument, and one was on a golden bracteate. In terms of date, Ikh Asgat (Khöl Asgat) inscriptions, the Khangidai inscriptions are related to the Ancient Turkic Khaganate, the Mogoin Shine Us monument, the Arkhanan and Gurvaljin Uul inscriptions are related to the Uighur Khaganate. Our study does not cover the reading of the inscriptions or other studies; rather, it focuses on the seals associated with the aforementioned runic inscriptions.

The seal that frequently accompanies the runic inscriptions found in Mongolia is unquestionable, and it is clear to whose tribe it belongs because it is known for whom the classical monuments were built. The small monuments have more than one seal attached, but it is hard to tell right away which tribe's seal each one is, and even if it could, it would require a serious examination. It seems that inscriptions and seals have been researched individually or separately because studying seals deviates from the primary objective of reading and decoding inscriptions and is a cross-related topic. Because of this, its inscription and seal were not investigated as a single complex monument. However, a few publications have recently been published, for instance in 2021, including one that examined intricate runic inscriptions and seals found in the territories of the provinces of Govi-Altai, Khovd, and Bayan-Ölgii. In addition to the study of seals accompanied by inscriptions and written monuments of the ancient Turkic and Uighur periods, the study of the complex monuments of seals with solitary seals in the same period should not be neglected. This is so that the information contained in ancient written sources like Chinese can be used to identify the related tribe and the date. Runic inscription seals and solitary seals are both significant historical sources, and they can be systematically recorded and documented, compared, and studied in a complementary manner. It is possible to identify a seal that is either directly or indirectly related to the inscription based on its location and size, but it is crucial to learn how to correctly identify the leading and main seal of a complex monument with numerous seals that exist separately and then to precisely specify the sequence of accompanying seals. It will be feasible to identify the areas of several ancient tribes, their clan relationships, campaign routes, military formations (army), and the structure of tribes if the intricate seal monuments can be researched with the proper approach. In this study, the classification of monuments with seals will be covered.

Based on a geographical aspect, runic inscriptions discovered in southern Mongolia are also known as "inscriptions in the Govi region". The Govisümber, Dornogovi, Dundgovi and Ömnögovi aymaks of Mongolia are located in this area. Runic inscription research has increased recently as a result of the daily finding of new inscriptions from this region. Since 2014, we have been continuously researching the runic inscriptions in the area, and we have already published a number of research findings. So far, the Govi region has yielded 19 runic inscriptions. From the Dundgovi aymak region, eleven of them were discovered and documented. Among them, the discovery of 8 inscriptions from Mount Del alone suggests that a thorough examination of a particular mountain or region might provide important results. Additionally, the majority of the runic monuments in the area, including 15 inscriptions, were incised into rocks. The remaining 4 inscriptions were found on bronze stamps, stone statues, steles, and sacrifice slabs. Therefore, the prevalence of rock inscriptions suggests that future fieldwork in the area has to be more intensive. We shall talk about the runic inscription and associated seals that were discovered on top of a mountain named Baishint Khar in the Khanbogd soum of Ömnögovi aymak. Our study's main goals are to express our own opinions and to highlight the contrasts between earlier investigations of the Baishint Khar inscription on the Ömnögovi aymak region. In addition, we will explore the function of the inscription, the shape and size of roughly 40 seals associated with the inscription, the relationship between the runic inscription and the seal, and the potential tribe to which the inscription may be connected. It is anticipated that in the future, establishing the connection between the inscription and the seal represented nearby would offer a chance to accurately recreate the events of a certain historical era. Additionally, the significance of analyzing historical and archaeological artifacts in relation to their impacts and relationships as well as the significance of collaboration among scholars working in other fields will be covered.

A sufficient number of Runic inscriptions and tamgas were discovered and registered in territory of Mongolia. Unfortunately, the studies on these sites are insufficient, and lastly, in 2021, a survey on runic inscriptions and tamgas was conducted on the territory of Govi-Altai, Khovd and Bayan-Ölgii provinces. Since the tamgas related to the inscriptions are now the subject of inquiry, it is necessary to look at the complex where several tamgas are present at once. One of these is a complex at Büren soum, Töv aimag, with over 70 stamps. Although no runic inscriptions have been found from this site, in this paper, a complex of tamgas belonging to the Turkic and Uighur periods is discussed in this paper.

The great significance of ancient inscription is that it becomes evidence of that historical period. Approximately 170 runic inscriptions, date back to Old Tur-kic, Uighur period, had been registered in the territory of Mongolia so far. Govi-Altai runic inscriptions are located along the central road headed from Beshbalik to west southern until silk road in the period of Ancient Turkic, Ui-ghur and they play important role in the studies of philology and history since they have many state and military ranking words and personal names.In this article, reading-lexical features and relevantTamgasof 18 inscriptions discovered in Govi-Altai province have been studied.As of today, a total of 18 Runic inscriptions were discovered in 7 places from this province.The Biger’s 4 inscriptions had been discovered in 1969 for the first time by team “Inscrip-tion studies” of the Mongol-Soviet’s history and culture’s joint expedition, whereas our team discovered Davirt II inscription in 2020, and also research team from Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences discovered Khushuut Tolgoi’s inscription. The research team completed a hand painting of 95 Tamgas related to these inscriptions.

Монгол нутаг дахь руни бичгийн сонгодог дурсгалууд уран яруу үг хэллэг, утга агуулгаараа төдийгүй түүхэн мэдээ баримтаараа ч харьцуулшгүй, үнэ цэнтэй билээ. Уйгурын үед холбогдох руни бичгийн сонгодог дурсгалын нэг болох Моюнчурын гэрэлт хөшөө (Могойн шинэ усны дурсгал)-ий зүүн талын 9-р мөрт yabaš toquš гэх хоёр голын нэр тэмдэглэсэн байдаг. Тухайн үеийн түүхэн үйл явдал болж өрнөсөн газар нутгийн байршил, газар усны нэрийн эртний нэрийг сэргээн тогтооход уг хоёр голын нэр түүхэн чухал баримт болж байна. Эрдэмтэн судлаачдаас yabaš toquš чухам хаана орших эдүгээ ямар нэртэй гол байж болох талаар өгүүлсэн зүйл хараахан үгүй бололтой. Энэхүү өгүүлэлдээ бид yabaš toquš үгийн утга гарал хийгээд тус хоёр гол хаана байж болох, өнөө ямар нэртэй гол болох талаар сурвалжийн баримтад тулгуурлан өгүүлэхийг зорилоо.

The great significance of ancient inscriptions is that they become the evidence of that historical period. Approximately 170 runic inscriptions, dating back to Old Turkic, Uighur period, have been registered in the territory of Mongolia so far. These inscriptions can be classified into Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, and Northern regions generally according to where they have been detected and registered. Inscriptions found in Bayan-Ölgii, Khovd, Uvs, Govi-Altai, and Zavkhan provinces are linked with the Mongolian runic inscriptions of the Western region. In this article, reading, lexicological features and relevant tamgas of 18 inscriptions discovered in Govi-Altai province have been studied. As of today, a total of 18 runic inscriptions have been discovered in 7 places of this province. Being the first of these inscriptions, the Biger inscription was discovered in 1969 during the studies of the “Researches on Inscriptions” project which was carried out by Mongolia and the Soviet Union jointly for researching historical and cultural elements. And finally our project team has discovered Davirt II inscription in 2020. Additionally, ground expedition unit of Archeology Institute of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences has rediscovered Höşööt Tolgoi inscription. The research team has completed a hand painting of 95 tamgas related to these inscriptions.

Монгол нутгаас илэрсэн руни бичгийн дурсгалыг эрдэмтэд Баруун, зүүн, өмнөд, умард болон төв хэмээн бүсчилэн хуваан авч үздэг. Үүнээс Өмнөд буюу говийн бүс нутаг хэмээн Дундговь, Өмнөговь, Дорноговь, Говьсүмбэр аймгийн дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалыг хамруулан судалж байна. Өмнөх судалгаандаа тус бүс нутагт хамаарах аймаг тус бүрийн руни бичгийн дурсгалын эх бичиг, хэлзүйг авч үзсэн билээ. Тиймээс бид уг судалгаандаа Говийн бүс нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалын тоон мэдээлэлд анхааран ангилан үзэх оролдлого хийсэн болно.

Mongolian runic inscriptions can be classified as Western, Central, Northern, Southern and Eastern regions based on their locations where they are found and registered. Although most of the inscriptions are from the Central region, many inscriptions from the Southern region have started to be found in recent years. Such as, The Del Uul Inscription V (2014): Del Mountains, Ölziit soum, Dundgovi aimag; The Ikh Nart Inscription (2016): Ikh Nart, Dalanjargalan soum, Dornogovi aimag; The Urtiin Gol Inscription (2017): Khakhuuliin Khad, Nomgon Soum, Ömnögovi aimag e.g. In this article, two small runic inscriptions in Zavkhan province, which belongs to the Western Region, have been studied. The Zuriin ovoo inscription (Tes Inscription) with stamps (tamgas) is characterized by its reversed writing. Whereas the Tsetsuukh inscription is written on the roof tile with four characters scribed by means of scratched method.

Өмнөговь аймгийн нутгаас илэрсэн руни бичгийн зургаан дурсгалын дийлэнх буюу дөрвөн дурсгал нэлээд хожуу, тодруулбал 2012 оноос хойш илэрч бүртгэгджээ. 1948 онд Сэврэйн бичээс, 1982 онд Далан уулын бичээс илэрснээс хойш даруй 30 жилийн дараа шинээр бичгийн дурсгал илрүүлсэн нь 2010-аад оноос хойш өмнөд бүс нутаг дахь түүх соёлын дурсгалын судалгаа эрчимжсэнийг харуулж байна. Монголын өмнөд бүс нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалын төлөөлөл болох Өмнөговь аймгийн нутаг дахь бичээсийг хамруулан үзсэн энэхүү судалгааг МУИС-ийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр гүйцэтгэсэн болно (PROF2019-2091).

Ховд аймгийн нутаг дэвсгэрийн зургаан байршилд руни бичгийн 13 дурсгал илэрсэн бөгөөд эдгээрээс 6 бичээс нь 2008 оноос хойш илэрч бүртгэгджээ. Энэ нь сүүлийн үед тус аймгийн нутаг дахь түүх, соёлын дурсгалын судалгаа эрчимжсэнийг харуулж байна. Дээрх дурсгалуудаас Ямаан усны хавцлын Ханан хаднаа байх зургаан бичээсийн гурав нь 2009 онд бүртгэгдсэн бөгөөд түүхийн олон цаг үед хамаарах тамга тэмдэг, нэн ялангуяа Хүннүгийн үеийн тамга хийгээд хадны зураг цөөнгүй байдаг. Тус судалгааг МУИС-ийн “Залуу судлаачдын багийн тэтгэлэгт төсөл (P2019-3731)”-ийн хүрээнд гүйцэтгэв.

Монголын руни бичгийн дурсгалыг илэрч бүртгэгдсэн газар орны байрлалд нь тулгуурлан баруун, төв, умард, өмнөд болон зүүн бүсийн хэмээн ангилан үзэж болно. Тус судалгаанд өмнөд бүсэд хамаарах Дундговь аймгийн нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалын талаар тухайлан авч үзэв. Энэхүү аймгийн дөрвөн сумын нутагт таван газраас илэрсэн нийт руни бичгийн арван нэгэн дурсгал байна. Үүнд: Дэл уулын бичээс (энд 5 тус бичээс буй), Жиримийн худгийн бичээс (энд 2 тус бичээс буй), Дэрст хөтөлийн бичээс, Их бичигтийн бичээс, Ханангийн бууцны бичээс болон Руни бичээс бүхий хүрэл тамга.

Баян-Өлгий аймгийн нутгаас илэрсэн руни бичгийн дурсгалууд нь монгол нутгаас илэрсэн руни бичгийн бусад дурсгалуудаас үсэг тэмдэгтийн тиг зурлага болон агуулгаараа ихээхэн ялгардаг билээ. Үүний учир, бид энэхүү илтгэлдээ Монголын баруун бүс нутаг дахь руни бичгийн өвөрмөц дурсгалууд болох тус аймгийн нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалын талаар ерөнхийлөн авч үзэхийг хичээсэн болно. Баян-Өлгий аймгийн нутгаас 9 газрын 14 руни бичгийн дурсгал илэрсэн бөгөөд тэдгээрт холбогдох 29 орчим тамга тэмдгийн зүйл одоогоор бүртгэгдээд байна. Эдгээрээс хамгийн олон тамгатай бичээс нь Бага Ойгурын дурсгал бөгөөд том жижиг, тод бүдэг гэх мэт харилцан адилгүй дүрслэгдсэн нийт 22 тамгатай ажээ.

Монголын руни бичгийн дурсгалыг илэрч бүртгэгдсэн газар орны байрлалд нь тулгуурлан баруун, төв, умард, өмнөд болон зүүн бүсийн хэмээн ангилан үзэж болно. Тус судалгаанд баруун бүсэд хамаарах Завхан аймгийн нутаг дахь руни бичгийн хоёр бага дурсгалын талаар тухайлан авч үзэв. Зүрийн овооны бичээс (Тэсийн бичээс) хэмээх тамга бүхий энэхүү хадны бичээс нь үсгийн толгойг тонгоруулан бичсэнээрээ онцлогтой юм. Харин Цэцүүхийн бичээс нь дээврийн нөмрөг ваарнаа зурчмал аргаар үйлдэгдсэн дөрвөн тэмдэгт бүхий дурсгал юм.

Thanks to the financial support for the NUM professors’ research works, we studied and reviewed about 7 runic inscriptions, found in Uvurkhangai, Bayankhongor, Hovd and Bayan-Ulgii provinces, comparing with the previous studies on them. As an inevitable demand of research work on both Mongolian Runic inscriptions and stamps, we studied the Gurvan mandal (Dund mandal, Adag mandal) runic inscription and its stamps which have been kept in Buutsagaan soum, Bayankhongor province.

Монгол Улсын баруун бүс нутагт хийсэн сүүлийн үеийн хайгуул судалгааны үр дүнд цөөнгүй дурсгалыг олж илрүүлээд байна. Эдгээр дурсгалууд нь гол төлөв Баян-Өлгий, Ховд, Говь-Алтай аймгийн нутагт хамаарч буй бөгөөд хил залгаа Увс, Завхан хийгээд тал хээрийн бүсд хамаарах Баянхонгор аймгийн нутгаас харьцангуй цөөн дурсгал олдсон байна. Баянхонгор аймгийн нутгаас руни бичгийн дараах дурсгалыг олж илрүүлээд байна. Үүнд, 1. Бөмбөгөр (1986) 2. Гурван мандал (Адаг, дунд мандал) (1987) 3. Олон нуурын хөндийн тахилын онгоны хашлагын хавтангийн бичээс (2008) 4. Далтын бичээс (2012) 5. Хиргисийн овооны гэрэлт хөшөөний бичээс (2016) 6. Цагаан туруут голын сав нутаг дахь бичээсүүд (2018) эдгээр болно. Баянхонгор аймгийн нутаг дахь руни бичгийн дурсгалуудыг анх олж илрүүлсэн он цагийг авч үзвэл 1990 оноос өмнө, 2008 оноос хойш хэмээн үндсэн хоёр хэсэгт хувааж болох юм. Өөрөөр хэлбэл тухайн бүс нутагт харьцангуй эрт үед хайгуул судалгааны ажил хийгдэж байгаад хэсэг тасалдан бараг 20-иод жилийн дараа дахин шинээр дурсгал, бичээсүүд олж илрүүлсэн байна. Энэ бүс нутагт хамаарах эртний түрэг бичээсүүдийн уншлага судалгаа нэг мөр болоогүй, хожуу шинээр олдсон дурсгалуудыг дахин нягтлан судалсан нь цөөн, анхны урьдчилсан судалгаа төдийхнөөр хязгаарлагдаж буй ажээ. Бид энэхүү өгүүлэлдээ тус аймгийн нутагт хамаарах эртний түрэг бичгийн дурсгалуудаас хамгийн эрт олдож шинжлэх ухааны эргэлтэнд орсон Бөмбөгөрийн бичээс болон тамгыг тухайлан авч үзсэн болно.

Today, more than 160 runic monuments have been discovered in the territory of Mongolia.Numbers of research works and other scientific acitivites have been conducted by the colleagues of Turkology, Department of Asian Studies, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia in order to discover more new inscriptions in recent years. In the year 2014,the inscriptions of Del Uul, Ulziyt soum, Dundgovi aymag, which waswritten in the Year of Ud (ox), was the significant site of the research workwithin the framework of the aforementioned activities. We first discovered and put it in the scientific circle as a newly found inscription which has a fact related to “the year of OX” in Mongolian Runic Monuments. Hence, we are, through this paper, focusingon the classification of the names of animals which were found in the Mongolian Runic Monuments, as ones in the twelve year cycle and others.

In last two decades, numbers of runic inscriptions have been found in the western part of Mongolia: mostly in Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd and Govi-Altai provinces, and comparatively less in Uvs and Zavkhan provinces, and also Bayankhongor province in which the following five inscriptions date back to the Ancient Turkic Period: 1. Inscription of Bömbögör monument (1986) 2. Inscription of the Three Mandalas: Adag mandala (the End Mandala) and Dund Mandala (The Middle Mandala) (1987) 3. Inscription of Olon Nuur (2008) 4. Inscription of Dalt (2012) 5. Inscription of Khirgisiin Ovoo Monument (2016). Of them, the initial two inscriptions had been discovered by 1990, and the latter three since 2008, which have been followed by some alternative versions of deciphering due to some inadequate reviews. So they have given us a motivation to review the meanings of the words and expressions incorporated in them, as the following: These two inscriptions – properly viewed to be the classical monuments of the runic inscription, have some special words and expressions as well as personal names those are not noted in the monuments found in other provinces. One of these words, tulton which occurs twice in the Bömbögör inscription, is a compound name which is derived from tul (widow) and ton (gown) and which means “a mourning gown”. These five inscriptions have 77 tamgas in them, 35 of which are in the inscription of Bömbögör, like , , , and , to require some urgent and careful studies.

Mongolia is rich in culturally and historically precious stone monuments in connection with the Ancient Turkic which established its State in VI-IX AD and remained its name in the world history. Of them, the monuments of runic inscription have stood at a special position as a scientifically valuable proof of the Ancient Turkic history, language and culture. We, in Mongolia, have still discovered some new findings of the inscriptions that have reached 160 and more in number since the first discovery in 1889. For these years, we have used a couple of dictionaries: “Drevnetyurkski slovari (Древнетюркский словарь)” compiled by Russian scholars (Наделяев В.М., Насилов Д.М., Тенишев Э.Р., & Щербак А.М., 1969) in 1969 and “An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish”, by Sir Gerard Clauson in 1972. Since the time when the aforementioned dictionaries compiled, more than 90 runic inscriptions have been newly found in the land of Mongolia every year, which incorporate numbers of words and expressions we have no longer met before. As a result, we should conduct some lexicological studies based on the relevant monuments of runic inscriptions and compile a dictionary of Mongolian runic inscriptions then, which brings some significance for the development of ancient Turkic vocabulary, the definition for unknown words and expressions, as well as some comparative studies on the Altaic languages in the sphere of semantics.

Diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Turkey began to be established in 1969. At that time, cultural, economic and political relations continued to be carried out in a limited manner. But in early 1990s, with the realization of the Democratic Revolution in Mongolia and Turkey diplomatic relations were revived in all areas. In this study, the translation works of Turkish to the Modern Mongolian language were examined. The translations of Turkish literary works and films have been evaluated under two main periods;before 1990s and later. The studies we have conducted proved the importance of selecting works or texts to be translated.

It’s necessary to study historical and cultural monuments inseparably, because they have not been found one by one. As a result, some research works on comparing the Mongolian runic inscriptions with other historical monuments have been active in recent years. Particularly, the source research is rock inscription which is directly and indirectly connected to rock paintings and tamgas. According to the previous research, there are 15 runic inscriptions and 56 tamgas as a representation of the Mongolian runic inscriptions found in six places in Gobi-Altai province. Consequently, we studied and reviewed all the stamps, comparing with the previous studies.