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This article examines the evolution of international legal regulation aimed at combating human trafficking from the early abolitionist movements to the contemporary global legal framework. It traces historical developments beginning with the 1807 British Abolition Act and early bilateral treaties to suppress the transatlantic slave trade, followed by the first multilateral instruments addressing the “white slave trade” in the early 20th century. The study highlights the major conventions adopted under the League of Nations, including the 1921 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children and the 1926 Slavery Convention, which broadened the legal scope by defining slavery and prohibiting related practices. It further analyzes United Nations–era advances, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons, subsequent conventions addressing forced labour and modern slavery-like practices, and specialized treaties protecting women and children. Particular emphasis is placed on the 2000 Palermo Protocol, which established the first comprehensive international definition of human trafficking and introduced a three-pillar approach: prevention, victim protection, and prosecution. The article also reviews policy trends, notable international initiatives, and good practices, as well as mechanisms for cooperation among states and non-state actors. Overall, the study underscores the progressive expansion and consolidation of international legal norms against human trafficking and the growing recognition of shared responsibility in addressing this transnational crime.
The issue of refugees was first encountered during the era of political persecution when citizens were forced trumped-up charges. First Mongolian refugees were 4 Mongolian citizens who applied in the 1960s to India to provide them political asylum. 853 people from Mongolia fled in 2022 and applied for asylum in other countries, according to UNHCR data. This corresponds to approximately 0.025% of all residents. The most common destination countries have been the United States, South Korea and Germany. Overall, 88 percent of the asylum applications have been rejected. The most successful have been the refugees in Spain and Canada.
