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Museum diplomacy has received a lot of attention in recent years. Museums are becoming increasingly important players internationally, which can greatly impact culture. The importance of museums in international cultural exchanges has increased their soft power. This article analyzes the role of museums in developing soft power and the ability of museums to exercise soft power and promote international cooperation between countries in the cultural field and explains how museum diplomacy can strengthen soft power based on the case of China.
Here we try to analyze the historical, current, and future situations of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols and its economic implications. The Great Silk Road was the most enduring trade route in human history, and this international route was at the same time the way to develop cooperation between countries and peoples, to introduce new ideas among them, and to enrich civilization around the world. The history of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols is divided into three distinct periods: the Hun Empire(the Xiongnu), the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. First, the ancestors of the Mongols (Huns) who controlled the Silk Road engaged in foreign trade, introduced the idea of free trade to the world and contributed greatly to the establishment of East-West relations and cooperation. Later, in the 13th century, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire, revived the Silk Road, promoted the idea of free trade, and launched a policy of globalization toward the East and the West. At present, If we rejoin the New Silk Road (or the Belt and Road initiative) process, it would be a great opportunity for landlocked Mongolia to develop interregional railways and improve its economic capacity. Keywords The Great Silk Road, the Middle East, Western Countries, the Huns, Mongol Empire, Modern Mongolia, China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’
Хураангуй: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find effects of the Korean diplomacy of economic aid on Economic growth in the case of KOICA in Mongolia. Methods and data: We used the following data with annual frequency: • total KOICA aid to Mongolia, • macroeconomic data such as GDP growth, foreign trade data, and NET ODA, Unemployment, Population growth, Government expenditure on education. We collected data from KOICA annual report database, World Bank database, National Statistical Database of Mongolia in period from 1993 to 2022. Analysis: • Graphical illustration of dynamics of KOICA ODA and macro economic variables • Correlation analysis Findings: • KOICA ODA has been increased over time. • Positive (10%-14%) correlation between KOICA ODA and Mongolian economic growth. • Positive correlation (18%) between Mongolian foreign trade (import) and KOICA ODA. • Positive correlation between NET ODA (10%) in Mongolia and Inflation and population growth (16%) in Mongolia. • But negative correlation (-20%) between KOICA ODA and population growth of Mongolia. • But negative correlation (-13%) between NET ODA and Mongolian foreign trade (import). • But negative correlation (>20%) between NET ODA and economic growth of Mongolia. We conclude that KOICA ODA has positive impact on economic growth of Mongolia.
Ойрхи Дорнод нь еврей, араб, загалмайтан ард түмний шашин, соёл, улс төрийн үйл явцтай салшгүй холбоотой бүс нутаг юм. Ялангуяа Еврейчүүд олон улсын харилцааны түүхэн үеүдэд тус бүсийн болон дэлхийн бодлогод олон учир шалтгааны улмаас идэвхтэй оролцож ирсэн байдаг. Өнөөгийн нөхцөлд Палестин нь дотоодын эв нэгдлээ сэргээж НҮБ хүрээнд тусгаар тогтнолоо баталгаажуулах ажлаа улам идэвхжүүлж, харин Израйль энхийн замаар бага зэрэг буулт хийх маягаар бүс нутгийн улсуудаар тусгаар тогтнол, аюулгүй байдлаа хангуулах нь зүйтэй юм.
1.Introduction 1.1 Regional Affiliation of Mongolia: Northeast Asia and Central Asia and 1.2 Foreign Policy Concept of Mongolia ( 2011) Three Cornerstones of Mongolia’s Independence and Foreign policy 2. The Influence of Mongolia's Geographical Location on the Implementation of Foreign Policy 2.2 Bilateral relations: mongolia-russia and mongolia-china 2.3 trilateral relations between mongolia, china and russia: one belt, one road initiative 3. Mongolia’s Third Neighbor Policy 4. Impact of Competition between Great Powers in the Framework of International Organizations on Mongolia Shanghai Cooperation Organisation North Atlantic Treaty Organization Mongolia's participation in the activities of these organizations and its position in them
Here we try to analyze the historical, current, and future situations of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols and its economic implications. The Great Silk Road was the most enduring trade route in human history, and this international route was at the same time the way to develop cooperation between countries and peoples, to introduce new ideas among them, and to enrich civilization around the world. The history of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols is divided into three distinct periods: the Hun Empire(the Xiongnu), the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. First, the ancestors of the Mongols (Huns) who controlled the Silk Road engaged in foreign trade, introduced the idea of free trade to the world and contributed greatly to the establishment of East-West relations and cooperation. Later, in the 13th century, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire, revived the Silk Road, promoted the idea of free trade, and launched a policy of globalization toward the East and the West. At present, If we rejoin the New Silk Road (or the Belt and Road initiative) process, it would be a great opportunity for landlocked Mongolia to develop interregional railways and improve its economic capacity. Keywords The Great Silk Road, the Middle East, Western Countries, the Huns, Mongol Empire, Modern Mongolia, China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’
The sustainability of nursing leadership is a very important problem. Every country continually strives to find the best ways to advance in nurse management and patient care services. Nursing leadership is most desirable in the delivery of health care services. Since there is limited information about leadership skills in Mongolia, to solve the problem of the sustainability of nursing leadership, we carried out this study to explore factors contributing to the sustainability of nursing leadership and their correlation relatively to nurse managers in healthcare institutions. A sample of 205 nurse managers from all forms of health facilities participated in this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear regression models using SPSS 19 version. The linear combination of the five independent variables was significantly related to the dependent variable (nurse leadership). Both the behavior and problem-solving are significant regressors of the dependent variable. The correlation analysis significance of the independent study variables, two were found to have a significant effect on nursing leadership: behavior and performance of nurses significantly and positively effects to nursing leadership. Transformational role and nurse leadership produced a significantly positive correlation. The correlations between performance and nurse leadership and between work environment and nurse leadership are not significant at the 10% level. Correlation coefficients give a direction of causation in the relationships of variables, and the multiple linear regression analysis says that two of the variables, namely, behavior and problem-solving positively contributes to nursing leadership, two of the variables namely, work environment and performance nurse manager do not support contributes; however, variable transformational ability majority contributes to the sustainability of nursing leadership.
Abstract The purpose and the value of this study is to provide a comprehensive study of whether there is a way to revitalize the economy by joining the New Silk Road by reviving traditional ties with countries that were connected by the Ancient Silk Road and taking advantage of geographical location. Therefore, the main concept of our study is to analyze historical, current and future situations of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols. We have compared the primary and secondary sources and recent articles relevant to the study. The Great Silk Road was the most enduring trade route in human history, and this international route was at the same time the way to develop cooperation between countries and peoples, to introduce new ideas among them, and to enrich civilization around the world. The history of the Great Silk Road in relation to the Mongols is divided into three distinct periods: the Hun Empire(the Xiongnu), the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. First, the ancestors of the Mongols (Huns) who controlled the Silk Road engaged in foreign trade, introduced the idea of free trade to the world, and contributed greatly to the establishment of East-West relations and cooperation. Later, in the 13th century, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire, revived the Silk Road, promoted the idea of free trade, and launched a policy of globalization toward the East and the West. Finally, if we use all the opportunities in new foreign policy priorities to rejoin process of the New Silk Road (or One Belt, One Road Initiative), landlocked Mongolia will have great opportunities to develop interregional railways and improve its economic capacity.
Summary Turkey benefits from deep-rooted traditions of diplomacy and derives strength from several factors including her central geographical position, rich historical experience, robust institutions, strong human resources, and a dynamic economy. As such, Turkey’s foreign policy is the embodiment of a bridge between the tradition and the future. Turkey includes Mongolia in its Eurasian concept and in its aspirations to establish friendly relations with Mongolia is also explained by desire to establish long-term strong ties in the political, economic and socio-cultural spheres. The renewed of the foreign policy of Mongolia in 2011 provisioned to 'establish and expand its partnership and cooperation with Western and Eastern countries such as the U.S. Japan, the European Union, India, Republic of Korea, and Turkey within the framework of its "third neighbor" policy. Key words Turkey, Turkish Foreign Policy, Mongolian-Turkish relations, Mongolia’s "Third neighbor" policy.
Relations between Mongolia and Turkey can be chronologically divided into three different periods. Relations between The Hunnu State -Turkic Tribes -Turkic State (Gok Turk) The history of the Mongolian state and its foreign relations dates back to 209 BC, when the Hunnus established their own state and interacted with the outside world. At that time, the Turkic tribes were under their control. In Mongolia, on the other hand, the Turkic tribes established a strong Turkic state in the 6th and 8th centuries, and their living and cultural heritage remained in abundance in Mongolia. For example, during the excavations of the sacred tombs of Bilge Khan and General Kultegin of the Turkic Kingdom, thousands of artifacts were found, including gold, silver, and various gemstones. Thus, the relations between the Mongols and the Turks began many years ago and so they were subordinate to each other. Relations between the Mongol Empire and the Seljuk Empire (or the Sultanate of Rum ) At the beginning of XIII c., the establishment of the Great Mongolian State in the heart of Euroasia created a favorable environment for significant changes and progress in the relations between its neighboring countries and as well as other countries of Asia, Europe and Middle East. The “Great Silk Road” was restored again. The war of 1219-1224 headed by Chinghis Khan himself against Khorezm ended with a victory and as its result Central Asia, Afganistan, Pakistan. Northen India, Iraq, Iran, Azerbejan, Georgia, Armenia and the steppe of southern Russia fell under Mongolian rule. So these victories created the opportunity to establish 5 independent kingdoms of the Mongolian State: Yuan dynasty in China, Thagaadai State in Eastern Turkistan and Mavrennagr, Colden Horde State in Russia, Syberia and Central Asia. And fifth Mongolian “Ilkhanid” state (the Mongol Ilkhanate) in modern Iran that enriched foreign relations of Mongolian Empire in Central Asia, Middle East and Western Europe. In the 13th and 14th centuries, when the foreign policy and diplomacy of the Mongol Empire was being carried out in the vast territory of Eurasia, the Seljuk Turks came under the rule of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia. All Seljuk government officials were appointed by Khan of Mongol Ilkhanate, and the Mongol military commanders became the rulers of Anatolia. Thus, relations between the Seljuk Turks, or present-day Turks, and the Mongols of the Ilkhanate were revived in the Middle East, where the Mongols influenced the development of Seljuk Turkic literature, architecture, and astronomy. Relations between Modern Mongolia and Republic of Turkey With the accession of the Mongolian People’s Republic into the UN membership on 27 October 1961, it's foreign political relations have entered into a new threshold. For the years of 1960-1980 with the expansion of the content and goals of Mongolian foreign policy its diplomatic service has intensified, its structure and organization have improved, and its personnel has strengthened. During this period Mongolian People’s Republic established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Turkey (24 June 1969). But due to Communist rule, the relationship between the two countries has almost stopped and his situation continued until the beginning of the new century. During the 1990’s internal and external environments of Mongolia enormously changed. Since this time Mongolia changed to a democratic political system and market economy. Therefore, Mongolia declared in its 1992 Constitution that it “adheres to the universally recognized norms and principles of international law and pursues a peaceful foreign policy”, which became the legal grounds for its current foreign policy. Since this time Mongolia’s political and economic liberalization afterward enabled ties to rapidly develop in foreign affairs, security, culture with Turkey. So Mongolia adopted the new approach and in its “Foreign Policy Concept”, mentioned Turkey as the “Third Neighbour” along with the US, the EU, Japan, South Korea, and India in 2011. And President, Prime Minister and high-ranking people of both countries have been changing their views on bilateral issues during an international conference, summits and meetings within the framework of the UN, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Non-Aligned Movement. Also one of the opportunities for landlocked Mongolia by expanding economic cooperation with Turkey with which Mongolia has traditional diplomatic ties is to join the common network of “New Silk Road”, which constitutes the main economic development route connecting Asia and Europe via railroad, highway, oil and gas pipelines.
The purpose of this article is to clarify Mongolia's foreign policy challenges and trends by studying the historical and current processes of Mongolia in relation to the Middle East in chronological order, using both primary and secondary sources.
Abstract In this article, Great Khans and aristocrats of Mongol Empire, which conquered half of the world, provided protectorship to the Central Asian Muslims, who had abundant experience in trade and commerce, and widely used them for deals in finance and politics. Mongolian rule over Far and Middle Eastern cultural states favorably affected trade and exchange of cultural valuables. This also brought caravan trade between Asian countries and China to the highest level of development and progress. When the empire collapsed into small states close-knit ties between Mongolians in China and Persia that were ruled by Chinggis Khans’ descedents remained. Common feelings of vengeance against Islamic Egyptians strengthened ties between both the Europeans and Mongolians ruling Persia. This allowed an opportunity for European traders and missioners to travel not only through horse post points in Middle Asia but also from Persian port to India and China by water. Cultural progress that can be observed in 13th century is a result of trade and commercial relations. Such cultural development was particularly attributable to the Islamic world including Persia. Key words: The Mongol Empire, Foreign and Diplomatic Policy, Chinggis Khan, the Law “Ikh Zasag” (Yasa), Islam, The Mamluk Sultanate(Egypt), Yuan State, Golden Horde State, Ilkhanid State.
In this article, we highlight key problemsof the Middle East by taking into account Islamic religious influence on the region, the strong ethnic distinctions among Arabs, Turks, Persians,Kurds and Jews/Israelis, territorial disputes stemming from geographical factors, and severe competition over the management of crude oil deposits in the region. Key words: Middle East, Arab-Israeli conflict, ethnic distinction, crude oil deposit
Abstract: In this article, I highlight key problems of the Middle East by taking into account Islamic religious influence on the region, the strong ethnic distinctions among Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Jews/Israelis, territorial disputes stemming from geographical factors, and severe competition over the management of crude oil deposits in the region.
Abstract The Silk Road was the most enduring trade route in human history, being used for about 1,500 years . For many countries and peoples this international route was at the same time a road of cooperation, interpenetration and mutual enrichment of various cultures. When the history of the ‘Silk Road’ is viewed in with the relations between Mongolia and Middle Eastern countries, it can be chronologically divided into three different periods: The Hun State, The Mongol Empire and modern Mongolia.
Монгол гүрэн болон Ойрх Дорнод дахь Исламын шашинт улсуудын дипломатын ёс заншил, соёлын харилцан нөлөөлөл
About Security Issues of the Middle East until the Arab Spring
About relations between Mongolia and Middle Eastern Countries in past and present.
Mongols and Muslims in the Development of Diplomatic and Cultural Relations in the Medieval Century
XIII-XIV зуунд Ойрх Дорнодын талаар явуулсан Монголчуудын гадаад бодлого, ялангуяа Илхаадын болон Алтан Ордоны улсын гадаад бодлогын талаар дэлгэрэнгүй бичсэн.
