Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл

Purpose: This study aims to map the intellectual structure of corporate governance (CG) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) research between 1976 and 2025, with a particular focus on identifying the position of Mongolia within the global literature. Design/Methodology/Approach: Following the PRISMA protocol, a systematic literature review combined with bibliometric analysis was conducted on 58 peer-reviewed works retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, comprising 50 international and 8 Mongolia-focused studies categorised by ranking, methodology, theory, region, and variable selection. Findings: Agency theory dominates as the foundational framework (37.9%), while stakeholder, institutional, resource dependence, and legitimacy theories have grown rapidly since 2018. Panel regression remains the leading method (50.7%), but quasi-experimental approaches (PSM+DiD, event studies, natural experiments) are expanding. Mongolia-specific research reveals a formal legal framework but weak enforcement and limited international visibility. Conclusion: CG research is shifting from a single-theory paradigm toward multi-theory ESG-oriented frameworks, requiring causal-identification methods. Practical Implications: Findings inform Mongolian regulators, the Mongolian Stock Exchange, and listed firms in designing audit and sustainability committees, ESG disclosure rules aligned with GRI and IFRS S1/S2, and resource-governance transparency mechanisms.

Traditional monetary unit sampling (MUS) in financial auditing leaves detection risk close to 38 per cent while examining only one fifth of the account population, a structural limitation that magnifies the agency problem between public-sector entities and citizens. This study formalizes detection risk as DR = 1 - Recall, bridging machine-learning classifier performance with the ISA 200 audit assurance standard, and proposes a four-layer agentic artificial-intelligence (AI) framework that orchestrates the entire audit workflow without human intervention between successive layers. The framework was applied to 9,907 account-year observations and 3,329,189 individual journal entries (total volume MNT 16.34 trillion) drawn from the general ledger of a large Mongolian state-owned thermal power utility for the fiscal years 2023 to 2025 and was further generalized to seven additional public-sector entities (n = 7,021 accounts). At the account level the ensemble Random-Forest agent reached F1 = 0.978 and reduced detection risk to 2.01 per cent, a 19-fold improvement over MUS. At the transaction level the 15-criterion ensemble flagged 166,459 anomalous entries (5.00 per cent), of which 2,885 constituted very high-risk records. A novel aggregation-masking effect of Benford’s law is reported: 1,247 accounts that appeared statistically normal at the account level concealed clusters of anomalous transactions, a finding only retrievable through dual-level analysis. SHAP-based feature attribution was mapped to a feature-to-ISA ontology (ISA 240, 315, 505, 520) that enabled the autonomous generation of ISA-compliant working-paper text. Six independent validation procedures, including a temporal hold-out, a seven-sector test, and triangulation with two qualified opinions issued by the National Audit Office of Mongolia, confirmed robustness. An open-source web prototype (Audit AI v10.0) demonstrates zero-cost deployability. The study contributes to the broader scientific-culture debate on the ethics, accountability and global human values that should govern the transfer of algorithmic decision-making into public-sector assurance.

Сахарный диабет 2 типа (СД-2) является одним из наиболее быстро распространяющихся неинфекционных заболеваний в Монголии: ежегодно регистрируется около 2 400 новых случаев. Традиционный монгольский рацион с высоким содержанием насыщенных жиров (ёрём, жирная баранина) и рафинированных углеводов (сутэй цай, боорцог) при дефиците пищевых волокон способствует широкой распространённости избыточной массы тела и неудовлетворительному гликемическому контролю. Цель: количественно оценить корреляции между антропометрическими показателями и гликемическими исходами и выявить регрессионные предикторы клинических изменений у пациентов с СД-2 после 3-месячного комплексного диетологического и физического вмешательства. Материалы и методы: квазиэкспериментальный дизайн «до–после» применён к 47 пациентам с подтверждённым диагнозом СД-2 (n=80 — для диетических интервью) в провинции Хэнтий (2022–2024 гг.). До и после программы оценивались антропометрические показатели, глюкоза крови натощак, HbA1c и артериальное давление. Применялись корреляция Пирсона, парный t-тест и OLS-регрессия (Python statsmodels; SPSS-20). Результаты: у 85,1% участников выявлен избыточный вес или ожирение (ИМТ ≥ 25 кг/м²). После вмешательства глюкоза натощак снизилась с 10,3 до 8,4 ммоль/л (Δ=−1,86; p<0,001), HbA1c — с 11,3 до 10,8% (Δ=−0,54; p=0,007), систолическое АД — со 135,5 до 130,3 мм рт. ст. (p<0,001). ИМТ стал наиболее сильным предиктором ответа HbA1c (r=−0,651; p=0,005). Регрессионная модель М1 объяснила 85,8% дисперсии изменения глюкозы (adj.R²=0,844; β=−0,437; p<0,001). Девяносто процентов участников не располагали знаниями о рекомендуемом соотношении макронутриентов. Выводы: более высокий ИМТ предсказывает бо́льший гликемический эффект птированное нутритивное просвещение с учётом особенностей традиционного питания.

Цель устойчивого развития 4 направлена на обеспечение всеобщего, справедливого и качественного образования, а также на расширение возможностей обучения на протяжении всей жизни. В условиях стремительной цифровизации общества роль информационно- коммуникационных технологий в достижении данной цели существенно возрастает. В статье проводится комплексный анализ внедрения цифровых технологий, онлайн- обучения и электронных образовательных платформ в системе образования Монголии. Рас- сматривается влияние цифровизации на качество образования, а также социально-экономи- ческие и инфраструктурные факторы, обусловливающие цифровое неравенство. Методологическую основу исследования составляют анализ международных отчётов, государственных программных документов, статистических данных, а также результаты реа- лизованных в Монголии проектов в сфере цифрового образования. Для систематизации по- лученных результатов применён метод SWOT-анализа. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что цифровое образование обладает значительным потенциалом повышения доступности и гибкости образовательного процесса, однако его эффективность напрямую зависит от уровня инфраструктурного развития, циф- ровых компетенций педагогов и социально-экономических условий.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of key macroeconomic factors and the time-lag effects of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on their implementation in Mongolia using modern machine learning (ML) techniques. The analysis employs annual data from 2000–2024, including macroeconomic indicators, the SDG Index, and performance metrics for 17 goals. Core variables include GDP growth, inflation, unemployment, exports, fiscal revenue, and government expenditure. In 2025, Mongolia’s SDG Index score reached 66.7, ranking 100th globally, which is close to the regional average but still reflects weak performance in environmental goals. To explain SDG Index fluctuations, four ML models - Linear Regression, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) - were compared. Gradient Boosting achieved the highest accuracy (R² = 0.844, RMSE = 0.8735), explaining 84.4% of the variance. SHAP analysis revealed that the most influential factors for SDG performance are health (SDG3), exports, poverty reduction (SDG1), internet usage (SDG9), and food security (SDG2), while inflation and unemployment exert negative effects. Time-lag analysis shows that foundational service goals—SDG3 (health), SDG6 (water and sanitation), SDG11 (urban development), SDG9 (infrastructure), and SDG1 (poverty reduction)—have strong positive one-year lag effects on the SDG Index. In contrast, environmental goals (SDG12–15) exhibit persistent negative lag effects, indicating that ecosystem degradation slows SDG progress in subsequent years. SDG4 (education) and SDG7 (energy) display weak lag impacts, with long-term delayed effects. Additionally, K- Means clustering grouped SDG indicators into three development patterns: (i) economy-driven, (ii) social- service-driven, and (iii) environment-challenged clusters. Findings suggest that improving SDG implementation in Mongolia requires export diversification, investment in health services, inflation control, and strategic reforms in environmental policy.

To determine the correlations between anthropometric variables and glycaemic indicators after a 3-month exercise programme in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and to identify predictors of glycaemic response through regression analysis. A pre-post design was applied to 47 T2DM patients (male n=23, female n=24; mean age 59.7±8.8 years) from Khentii Province, Mongolia (2022–2024). A 3-month combined exercise programme — including walking, stretching, balance, and light resistance exercises — was delivered at primary care facilities. Fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, and anthropometric measures were assessed before and after the programme. Pearson correlation coefficients, paired t-tests, independent samples t-tests, and ordinary least-squares regression were performed using Python statsmodels and scipy libraries. Fasting glucose decreased significantly from 10.3 to 8.4 mmol/L (Δ=−1.86, p<0.001), HbA1c from 11.3 to 10.8% (Δ=−0.54, p=0.007), and systolic blood pressure from 135.5 to 130.3 mmHg (p<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis identified strong negative associations between body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c change (r=−0.651, p=0.005), body fat percentage and HbA1c change (r=−0.577, p=0.015), and a moderate positive association between age and baseline systolic blood pressure (r=0.381, p=0.009). OLS regression confirmed that baseline glucose alone explained 85.8% of glucose change variance (adj. R²=0.847, β=−0.435, p<0.001), and each 1 kg/m² increase in BMI was associated with an additional 0.115% HbA1c reduction (β=−0.115, p=0.005). A 3-month exercise programme significantly improved glycaemic control and blood pressure in T2DM patients. Higher adiposity was the strongest predictor of HbA1c response, supporting BMI-stratified and individualised exercise prescriptions for T2DM management.

Цементная промышленность формирует около 8% мировых выбросов CO₂, а КНР является крупнейшим в мире производителем цемента. Настоящее исследование анализирует динамику и структурные изменения показателей прибыльности (ROE, ROA, валовая рентабельность), структуры затрат (MCOST, ECOST, AEXP, SEXP), интенсивности углеродных выбросов (CEI) и политики в области углеродных выбросов (Carbon Emission Policy, CEP) для 8 китайских акционерных цементных компаний за период 2010–2024 годов. Применяя метод анализа структурных изменений в рамках четырёх экономических фаз — Рост (2010–2013), Спад (2014– 2016), Восстановление (2017–2021) и Кризис (2022–2024), — исследование выявляет существенные структурные сдвиги. Результаты показывают, что энергетические затраты (ECOST) составляют 30–43% совокупных затрат и движутся в направлении, обратном циклу прибыльности. CEI снижался в 2010–2016 годах, однако после введения ETS в 2021 году вырос на 23,4%, что свидетельствует об ограниченной краткосрочной эффективности политики. Сравнительный структурный анализ показывает, что ECOST (+6,5%), AEXP (+38,5%) и CEI (+23,4%) устойчиво растут, тогда как ROE (−76,1%) и ROA (−67,0%) резко снижаются, что создаёт серьёзные угрозы для финансовой устойчивости цементных компаний.

Human capital is increasingly positioned at the core of sustainable competitive advantage and long-term value creation. In parallel, human resource reporting has emerged as a key mechanism through which organizations communicate the strategic management of their workforce to internal and external stakeholders. While international frameworks have advanced the standardization of human capital disclosure, empirical insight into how such practices are institutionalized within emerging market contexts remains limited. In particular, the governance integration and strategic embedding of human resource reporting in transitional economies are insufficiently understood. This study investigates the institutional maturity of human resource reporting among public interest entities in Mongolia. Drawing on survey data from 41 listed firms, the analysis evaluates governance integration, standards adoption, reporting frequency, and methodological consistency across three interrelated domains: human resource policy and oversight structures, human resource accounting and information systems, and disclosure quality across eleven human capital dimensions. Descriptive statistical analysis and exploratory factor analysis are employed to assess reporting coherence and structural alignment. The findings reveal a marked disjunction between formal compliance and strategic integration. Although most firms report the existence of human resource documentation and policy frameworks, board-level oversight, digital infrastructure, and comprehensive adoption of standardized human capital metrics remain underdeveloped. Reporting practices are predominantly compliance-oriented and externally focused, with limited evidence that human capital measurement is systematically embedded within ongoing strategic decision-making processes. Moreover, strategic dimensions such as leadership development, succession planning, and workforce productivity receive comparatively weaker disclosure than compliance-driven indicators. The study contributes to strategic human resource management and governance scholarship by providing empirical evidence from an underexamined emerging economy and by demonstrating how formal institutional adoption may coexist with limited strategic internalization. The findings suggest that human resource reporting in transitional contexts may function more as a symbolic compliance mechanism than as a substantive governance tool. Implications are drawn for strengthening board-level human capital oversight, enhancing methodological standardization, and advancing the strategic integration of human capital measurement within corporate governance systems

Mongolians have historically implemented financial and tax policies to foster economic development. However, during the period of Manchu oppression, they faced challenges in pursuing an independent fiscal and tax policy due to the loss of national independence. In 1911, liberation from Manchu oppression marked a turning point, followed by another significant milestone in 1921 with the triumph of the People’s Revolution and the establishment of national independence. During this transformative period, the government initiated the implementation of a national financial and tax policy. This research aims to analyze the implementation and outcomes of economic policies, including financial and tax measures, enacted by the People’s Government from 1921 to 1924. Based on findings derived from archival materials and other relevant documents, our research revealed that the financial and tax policies during that period were characterized by equal treatment of taxes and the implementation of a progressive tax system.

This study evaluates how Mongolia’s fiscal revenue is influenced by factors such as mineral commodity prices and export earnings using an empirical, data-driven approach. Based on annual data from 2008 to 2024—including copper and coal prices, export revenues, and GDP—an OLS regression model was constructed to explain the dynamics of budget revenue and identify statistical correlations. The findings show that Mongolia’s fiscal revenue is highly dependent on fluctuations in mineral commodity prices, particularly copper price volatility and coal export volumes, indicating that the national budget is vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing non-mining tax revenues, diversifying the export structure, and introducing fiscal stabilization mechanisms are crucial for reducing revenue volatility in the medium and long term.

Энэхүү судалгаагаар Монголын арилжааны банкуудын ашигт ажиллагаанд IPO-гийн үзүүлэх нөлөөг шинжилсэн болно. Эмпирик шинжилгээг IPO хийсэн арилжааны банкуудын санхүүгийн тайлангийн мэдээлэлд үндэслэн гүйцэтгэсэн. IPO-оос өмнөх болон дараах үеийн гүйцэтгэлийг хосолсон түүврийн T-шинжилгээ (paired sample T-test) болон панел өгөгдлийн регрессийн аргаар харьцуулан судалсан болно. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс үзэхэд IPO нь банкны ашигт ажиллагаанд ялгаатай нөлөө үзүүлдэг болох нь тогтоогдсон. Тухайлбал, нийт хөрөнгийн болон өөрийн хөрөнгийн өгөөжиийг нэмэгдүүлэх нөлөө үзүүлсэн. Харин цэвэр хүүний маржин болон цэвэр ашгийн маржинд статистикийн ач холбогдолтой өөрчлөлт ажиглагдаагүй нь IPO банкуудын хүүний орлого бүрдүүлэх үйл ажиллагаанд шууд нөлөөлдөггүйг илтгэнэ.

Тема «Цель устойчивого развития 12: Ответственное потребление и производство — проблемы на примере Монголии» рассматривает влияние современных моделей производства и потребления в Монголии на окружающую среду, экономику и общество. В данной теме особое внимание уделяется таким проблемам, как чрезмерная зависимость экономики от горнодобывающей отрасли, слабая система управления отходами, загрязнение воздуха и почвы, а также неэффективное использование природных ресурсов. Также объясняется необходимость внедрения политики устойчивого производства, переработки отходов и поддержки экологически ответственного потребления. Делается вывод о том, что совместное участие граждан, организаций и государства в рациональном использовании природных ресурсов и развитии экологически чистого производства и потребления имеет важное значение для устойчивого развития Монголии.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of key macroeconomic factors and the time-lag effects of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on their implementation in Mongolia using modern machine learning (ML) techniques. The analysis employs annual data from 2000–2024, including macroeconomic indicators, the SDG Index, and performance metrics for 17 goals. Core variables include GDP growth, inflation, unemployment, exports, fiscal revenue, and government expenditure. In 2025, Mongolia’s SDG Index score reached 66.7, ranking 100th globally, which is close to the regional average but still reflects weak performance in environmental goals. To explain SDG Index fluctuations, four ML models - Linear Regression, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) - were compared. Gradient Boosting achieved the highest accuracy (R² = 0.844, RMSE = 0.8735), explaining 84.4% of the variance. SHAP analysis revealed that the most influential factors for SDG performance are health (SDG3), exports, poverty reduction (SDG1), internet usage (SDG9), and food security (SDG2), while inflation and unemployment exert negative effects. Time-lag analysis shows that foundational service goals—SDG3 (health), SDG6 (water and sanitation), SDG11 (urban development), SDG9 (infrastructure), and SDG1 (poverty reduction)—have strong positive one-year lag effects on the SDG Index. In contrast, environmental goals (SDG12–15) exhibit persistent negative lag effects, indicating that ecosystem degradation slows SDG progress in subsequent years. SDG4 (education) and SDG7 (energy) display weak lag impacts, with long-term delayed effects. Additionally, K-Means clustering grouped SDG indicators into three development patterns: (i) economy-driven, (ii) social-service-driven, and (iii) environment-challenged clusters. Findings suggest that improving SDG implementation in Mongolia requires export diversification, investment in health services, inflation control, and strategic reforms in environmental policy.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing tax revenue collection under the self-assessment system of personal income tax in Mongolia. The study employs the BISEP model, which encompasses Business, Individual, Social, Economic, and psychological factors. Data were collected through a survey of 290 taxpayers in the Sukhbaatar District of Ulaanbaatar, and correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results indicate that the most significant factors affecting tax revenue collection are the taxpayer’s financial condition and knowledge about taxation (R = 0.66, β = 0.46). In contrast, social and economic factors show relatively weak effects. The psychological aspects and perceptions of fairness among taxpayers were found to have a positive influence on taxpaying behavior. This research provides both theoretical and practical foundations for policymakers to strengthen the voluntary tax compliance system and enhance the effectiveness of tax policy implementation in Mongolia.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodologies have rapidly penetrated the fields of auditing, financial analysis, and credit risk assessment, enabling more accurate and real-time evaluations compared to traditional statistical approaches. However, in developing countries such as Mongolia, the integration of these methods into audit and credit evaluation systems remains limited and underexplored. This study aims to develop an integrated model for assessing audit and credit risk and identifying the key influencing factors using machine learning techniques. The analysis is based on data from 88 enterprises that received loans from the Mongolian Small and Medium Enterprise Development Project during 2019–2024, including their financial statements, on- site audit reports, and loan repayment records from the SME Development Fund. Classification algorithms such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Decision Tree were applied, and their performance was compared using evaluation metrics including Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score. The results revealed that the Random Forest algorithm achieved the highest performance (Accuracy = 0.944, Recall = 1.000), demonstrating its ability to identify high-risk entities with 100% recall. SHAP analysis indicated that tax arrears, overdue loan days, and non-compliance periods were the most influential variables affecting audit and credit risk. These findings highlight the potential of adopting AI-based integrated risk assessment systems in Mongolia’s auditing and credit supervision sectors, contributing to early risk detection, optimized allocation of supervisory resources, and enhanced transparency at the policy level.

Abstract: the research work was made with the aim of analyzing and identifying the structure of the mortgage loan, its average interest rate, terms, growth or decline and any demand or needs of mortgage loan for energy efficient apartments and its disbursement, opportunites to have such loan, any challenges. Within the scope of the research work, sustainable development goals, theory of the mortgage loans and current situation were deeply studied. Bank report and sustainable development reports were analyzed. The result of the research work was compared against the theory and the study of the current situation. Therefore, advantages of increasing the energy efficient mortgage loans were studied too.

This study investigated the factors influencing the career choices of high school students in Mongolia, focusing on the teaching profession. The factors were classified into intrinsic, extrinsic, and influence of others on the decision to pursue a teaching career. The study was conducted using a questionnaire. The findings indicated that students are deterred from pursuing a teaching career due to heavy workloads, inadequate pay, limited opportunities for career advancement, and unfavorable working conditions. Keywords: Teacher, teaching profession, factors affecting the teaching career

Эдийн засгийн өсөлт, даяаршил, технологи хөгжихийн хэрээр бизнесүүд өргөжин тэлж, энэ хэрээр байгалийн нөөц ашиглалт нэмэгдэж, байгаль орчинд үзүүлэх хүний хүчний нөлөөлөл үүнээс үүдэн нэмэгдэх тусам тогтвортой хөгжил, байгаль орчны асуудал дэлхийн улс орнуудын анхаарлыг ихээхэн татсаар байна. Үүнтэй уялдан тогтвортой хөгжил, байгаль орчин, нийгэм, засаглал (БОНЗ)-ын тайлагналын ач холбогдол өссөөр байна. Иймд бид Монголын Хөрөнгийн Бирж (МХБ)-д бүртгэлтэй хувьцаат компани (ХК)-ууд үйл ажиллагааныхаа эдийн засаг, байгаль орчин, нийгэмд үзүүлж болзошгүй нөлөөллийн талаар олон нийтэд тайлагнаж буй өнөөгийн байдлыг судаллаа. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс үзэхэд 2024 оны байдлаар МХБ-д бүртгэлтэй 171 ХК байгаагийн 7.0 хувь нь БОНЗ-ын стандарт тайлан гаргажээ. 1.2 хувь нь үйл ажиллагааны тайландаа БОНЗ-ын асуудлуудыг дурддаг бол 91.8 хувь нь тайлан гаргаж олон нийтэд мэдээлээгүй байна. Энэ нь Монгол улсад БОНЗ-ын тайлан гаргалт маш хангалтгүй түвшинд байгааг харуулж байна.

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is ushering in a new era in auditing by enhancing decision-making, fraud detection, and risk assessment processes. This study presents a systematic literature review of 30 prominent academic works published between 2017 and 2024. Findings suggest that while AI can significantly improve audit efficiency and accuracy, several challenges remain—such as data security, professional ethics, human factors, and regulatory compliance. The study concludes that a collaborative model, where AI augments rather than replaces auditors, offers a more feasible and ethical approach to AI integration in auditing practices.

Introduction: Human capital disclosure (HCD) is essential for corporate transparency and sustainability, yet its adoption in emerging markets like Mongolia remains limited. This study examines HCD practices in 23 joint-stock companies listed on the Mongolian Stock Exchange (2017–2022), focusing on 20 indicators derived from international frameworks. Methods: Using qualitative and quantitative content analysis, the study evaluates 9 input and 11 output indicators. Each was scored on a binary scale, with results analyzed by sector and company size based on national classification standards. Results: The analysis revealed that while 59.4% of firms reported employee headcount and 51.2% included demographic data, fewer than 10% disclosed key financial information such as compensation (0.7%) and recruitment costs (8%). Output metrics were similarly sparse: workplace accidents were reported by 16.5% of firms, productivity by 10.2%, and absenteeism by none (0%). Large companies were generally more transparent than SMEs, and financial sector firms outperformed non-financial ones in input disclosures. Among the most transparent companies were Gobi JSC (65% input, 39% output) and APU JSC (52% input, 24% output). Discussion: The findings suggest that human capital disclosure practices in Mongolia are underdeveloped and inconsistent. The absence of standardized reporting requirements, limited awareness, and lack of regulatory incentives contribute to these shortcomings. Although larger firms and financial institutions showed relatively better performance, overall transparency remains low, especially for output and financial indicators. To improve HCD, Mongolian firms should adopt globally recognized standards such as GRI or SASB and receive capacity-building support. Policymakers are encouraged to mandate core human capital metrics and provide guidance for effective implementation.

This study explores the economic and environmental importance of developing energy-efficient detached housing in Mongolia, along with the current challenges in financing such green construction. Given that the building sector accounts for over 30% of global energy consumption and a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to energy-efficient buildings is crucial for sustainable development. The paper highlights the benefits of energy-efficient homes, including reduced energy costs, improved living conditions, and lower emissions. Using panel data from Mongolian commercial banks (2017–2023), the study employs correlation and linear regression analyses to examine the influence of macroeconomic indicators—such as GDP, unemployment, poverty, and energy consumption—on residential mortgage lending. The results show a strong positive correlation between housing loans and variables like GDP and household energy use, while unemployment and poverty rates exhibit negative correlations. Regression analysis indicates that these factors explain 97.2% of the variance in housing loan issuance. The findings underscore the need for improved green financing mechanisms and policy frameworks in Mongolia to support energy-efficient housing expansion and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Insurance activity is defined as the obligation of an insurer to compensate for losses or provide an agreed indemnity in the event of an insured incident, as stipulated by the Insurance Law of Mongolia. Recent amendments to this law and the Law on Public and Local Government Property Procurement in 2022 expanded insurers’ roles, allowing them to issue guarantees and sureties beyond contracting entities. The financial stability of insurance companies is a critical factor in ensuring their ability to meet financial obligations and maintain market confidence. In Mongolia, the insurance sector remains relatively small, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of its financial health to support industry growth and stability.

Тогтвортой байдлын тайлагнал гэдэг нь дэлхийн хэмжээнд хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдсөн стандартуудын дагуу байгууллагынхаа үйл ажиллагааны эдийн засаг, байгаль орчин, нийгэмд үзүүлж болзошгүй нөлөөллийн талаар олон нийтэд мэдээлж байх байгууллагын хэвшүүлэх дадал юм. КОВИД-19 цар тахал байгаль орчин, нийгэм, засаглал (БОНЗ)-ын эрсдэлийн удирдлагын ач холбогдлыг улам нэмэгдүүлсэн бөгөөд БОНЗ-ын ил тод байдал, тайлагналын мэдээллийн эрэлт хэрэгцээ цаашид ч нэмэгдсээр байх болно. Байгаль орчин, нийгэм, засаглалын буюу тогтвортой байдлын тайлагналыг нэвтрүүлэх нь одоогийн бизнесийн практикийг сайжруулахад нэмэр болох төдийгүй тогтвортой хөгжлийн зорилгуудад хүрэхэд хувийн хэвшлийн үүрэг оролцоо, хувь нэмрийг нэмэгдүүлэхэд чухал ач холбогдолтой алхам юм. Тогтвортой байдлын тайланг сайжруулснаар компаниуд, зах зээлийн оролцогчдын үр ашгийг дээшлүүлэхээс гадна шинэ боломжуудын үүд хаалгыг нээж өгдөг. Иймд олон улсад хэрэгжүүлж буй БОНЗ болон тогтвортой байдлын тайлангийн стандарт, тогтолцоог Монгол Улсад нэвтрүүлж, өөрчлөлт хийх шаардлага тулгарч байгаа юм.

В рамках данного исследования были выбраны 5 компаний со самой высокой и самой низкой рентабельностью из 25, которые относящихся к 1-й категории Монгольской фондовой биржи, а также сравнивали результаты реальной стоимости с прогнозированием цен единицы акции с использованием методов расширенного экспоненциального уравнения и ARMA (Autoregressive moving-average model). На основе оценки прогнозируемой цены, которая оценивается образцами расширенного экспоненциального уравнения и ARMA, а также делали заключение по сравнению результатов оценок опционных договоров с результатами прогнозируемых цен. Результаты образцы расширенного экспоненцтального уравнения и ARMA поддерживает и подтверждают результатов прогнозируемых цен акции по методам реальной стоимости “Инвескор НФБ” АО, “Таван толгой” АО и “Монос” из пяти опрошенных компаний.

Международные тенденции в финтехе. Исследование текущего состояния финтех-типов и финансовых учреждений, предоставляющих услуги в Монголии. Включает SWOT-анализ рынка финтеха и текущих проблем Монголии.

Людям, живущим в современном обществе, приходится осуществлять платежи каждый день. Помимо ежедневных денежных потоков и платежей, люди теперь получают и используют широкий спектр финансовых услуг, таких как торговля акциями, торговля криптовалютами, международные транзакции, кредиты, страхование и т. д. Финтех-компании появились, чтобы объединить технологические достижения с финансовыми услугами, чтобы сделать их быстрее, проще и доступнее.

Abstract: After the new Manchuria state established in 1916 annexed China, Khalkh carried out a policy of conquering Mongolia from 1644 to 1691, conquering Upper Mongolia in 1691 and Western Mongolia in 1755. During the time when the Manchus kept the Mongols under their oppression from the XYII-early XX century, they collected more than 20 types of services and tributes from the Mongols, in addition to imposing the Nine White Service, they collected the necessary expenses for the Manchurian administration and temples, and sent Mongolian citizens to horse stations, expenses, and communication offices. The office was closed. During the period under Manchurian oppression, the economy and livelihood of the Mongols became unbearable, so they were able to gain independence in 1911 through a rebellion and struggle.

As a result of the prolonged struggle for national independence, the Mongolian people, who endured over two centuries of oppression under Manchurian rule, regained sovereignty in 1911 and established the Republic of Mongolia. During this period, significant economic, social, and political reforms were initiated, laying the groundwork for the national financial system. This article examines the social, political, and economic landscape during the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. Research into the tax and financial policies implemented during this period was conducted using historical documents and sources. Within the framework of Mongolian governmental financial policies, five ministries were established, accompanied by the enactment and implementation of various regulations about finance, taxation, and customs. Efforts were made to enhance state revenue; however, the accumulation of debt owed to foreign moneylenders and merchants, coupled with the taxation burden on Mongolian citizens, including payments to domestic nobles and religious institutions, exacerbated poverty and economic hardship among the populace. In June 1915, the autonomy of Mongolia, as stipulated in the treaty between Russia, Mongolia, and China, was abolished in 1919, resulting in the reassertion of foreign control over Mongolian governance.

Effective information disclosure provides external benefits, including protecting stakeholders' interests, attracting investments, enhancing reputation, and increasing overall trust in the market for Joint Stock Companies (JSCs). Internally, it improves performance, ethical conduct, and overall management and leadership of the company through an accountability and control environment. The interest of shareholders and customer trust, as well as the implementation of laws and company accountability, are all expressed through information disclosure. Withholding or obscuring public information disclosure directly and negatively affects decision-making by stakeholders. Hence, this study aims to assess the state of information disclosure of JSCs using data provided by the Mongolian Stock Exchange (MSE) on the TOP-20 JSC companies operating in Mongolia.

Во всем мире финансирование, связанное с устойчивым развитием, быстро растет и оценивается в 322 миллиарда долларов США в 2021 году, из которых на «зеленые» кредиты приходится около 10%, тогда как в нашей стране оно составляет 305,8 миллиарда тугриков по состоянию на третий квартал 2022 года. Что является снижением по сравнению с 2020 годом. Зеленые кредиты используются коммерческими банками в 4 секторах и 3769 заемщиков, что составляет 1,4% от общего кредитного портфеля, считаются недостаточными показателями. Факторы, способствующие этой неадекватности «зеленых» финансов, изучаются с помощью качественных исследований, основанных на некоторых методологиях исследования.

В статье представлена краткая характеристика, выполнены анализ и оценка современного состояния инвестиции горнодобывающей сектора Монголии, выявлены проблемы и перспективы развития, коэффициент эффективности инвестиций в горнодобывающей отрасли