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Abstract This article explores the lived realities of climate-induced internal displacement in Mongolia, focusing on rural-to-urban migration among herding communities. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted in 2016 and 2024, it examines how environmental degradation, economic fragility, and policy neglect intersect and influence the mobility of displaced herders who relocate primarily to Ulaanbaatar’s ger districts. While dominant policy and public discourse often frame such movements as voluntary or adaptive, participants’ accounts reveal a gradual erosion of viable livelihoods and a steady narrowing of meaningful choices. The analysis challenges binary distinctions between forced and voluntary migration by situating mobility within longer histories of post-socialist rural disinvestment, infrastructural breakdown, and ecological degradation. Conceptually, the article engages with scholarship on climate mobility, political ecology, and post-socialist urbanism to frame internal displacement as both spatial and epistemic: an unfolding condition that dislocates people from land, skills, and recognition while offering limited pathways to reintegration. These ‘quiet catastrophes’ may remain administratively unnamed and politically marginal, but their impact and consequences are profound. By treating climate-linked displacement as a process of cumulative loss rather than a discrete rupture, the article contributes to broader debates on how internal, incremental mobility is classified, governed, and made visible within climate change discourses.
We are living in a time when Mongolia’s traditional nomadic culture, herding practices, and way of life are undergoing profound changes under the cumulative influence of historical, social, and cultural factors. Not long ago, the global development trajectory—from the 19th to the mid-20th century—was largely shaped by revolutionary discoveries in the natural sciences and the sweeping meta-narrative of modernization grounded in heavy industrialization. This trajectory prevailed across both socialist and capitalist systems. During this period, an evolutionist and Eurocentric worldview dominated the global discourse on development. As a result, distinctive, non-modernized cultures were generally not regarded positively—not only in national policies and ideologies but also within the realm of the social sciences. Since the 1990s, when the socialist system collapsed, the ideological bipolar world order dissolved, and globalization along with postmodern conditions became the new global reality, Mongolia’s nomadic herders experienced a parallel shift with the privatization of livestock. This led to significant changes in the lives of former cooperative members and rural communities. The cultural revival of traditional nomadic life that followed in the post-1990s era coincided with the rise of information technology, creating the potential to sustain and develop herding practices and cultural knowledge that have been passed down for over a millennium in a new, post-modern context. Mongolia’s traditional nomadic culture is rooted in a lifestyle closely intertwined with nature and enriched by intergenerational knowledge, skills, and practices. In recent years, however, technological advancements, particularly digital transformation—have begun to reach rural and remote areas, bringing both new opportunities and new challenges to the lives of herders. While digital technology offers clear benefits—such as facilitating information exchange, improving market access, and providing timely weather information—it remains unclear whether these opportunities are equitably accessible to all herders or how such technologies are influencing traditional nomadic lifestyles. This study, therefore, seeks to explore how the penetration of newly technological innovations intersects with herders’ traditional culture, knowledge systems, and way of life. In addition to identifying the new opportunities made possible by technology, the research also aims to examine how herders are currently engaging with these tools and what strategies could enhance their effective and equitable use.
Нийгмийн нөлөөллийн үнэлгээг (ННҮ) их дээд сургуулийн хөтөлбөрт тусгахын ач холбогдлыг онцлон авч үзэв. МУИС-ийн социологи, нийгмийн ажил, антропологи зэрэг хөтөлбөрүүдэд хийсэн шинжилгээнд үндэслэн бакалавр, магистрын түвшний сургалтад ННҮ-ийн чиглэлийг салбар дундын хэлбэрээр хөгжүүлэх, мөн их дээд сургуулиудын хамтын ажиллагааг өргөжүүлэх зэрэг шийдэл, боломжуудыг санал болгож, хөгжлийн хөтөлбөрүүдийн нийгмийн үр дагаврыг үнэлэх чадвартай мэргэжилтнүүдийг бэлтгэх хэрэгцээг хөндсөн болно.
Abstract. This study employs system dynamics-group modeling to investigate factors influencing digital access equity, drawing on students' experiences across Mongolia. Results reveal a complex web of interconnected factors, with remoteness, household living standards, government policies, and technological proficiency emerging as key determinants. Government e-related policies are identified as pivotal leverage points for systemic change, particularly in addressing digital inequalities exacerbated by geographic remoteness. The findings underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions to enhance digital access, particularly in remote areas.
Abstract for: Preserving Nomadic Heritage: Empowering Mongolian Herders in the Face of Modernization This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of Mongolia's nomadic herding communities and their challenges amidst modernization. Drawing from Robert Chambers' paradigm of prioritizing the voices of the least powerful, we explore the plight of herders, who constitute a significant but dwindling population segment. Through empirical analysis and the integration of System Dynamics modeling, we examine the impact of socio-economic shifts, environmental factors, and government policies on the sustainability of nomadic livelihoods. Our findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to bolster herd resilience, preserve nomadic heritage, and promote inclusive development. By elucidating the interconnectedness of socio-cultural, economic, and environmental variables, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of Mongolia's nomadic way of life. It informs evidence-based strategies for its preservation in the face of evolving challenges.
This systematic literature review explores the factors influencing educational inequality in higher education across diverse global contexts. The study reveals the systemic nature of disparities rooted in the cyclical relationship between poverty and educational inequalities, particularly in relation to access to higher education. Six key factors – socioeconomic status, parental education, ethnicity, previous schooling experiences, gender, and geographical location – constitute an intricate web of intersecting influences. These factors necessitate adaptive policy solutions to address the multifaceted challenges. The review underscores the cultural and societal impact on educational disparities in accessing further study, emphasising the need for policies that challenge ingrained prejudices and foster inclusivity. The analysis highlights the global nature of disparities while emphasising the importance of locally informed and contextual specific solutions. In conclusion, the findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced dynamics of educational inequality in accessing higher education, offering insights for researchers and policymakers alike.
This poster was prepared for The Norwegian Lutheran Mission in Mongolia’s Development Project for Children with Disabilities, which ran for three years from 2020 in the Bayan-Olgii and Khovd provinces of the western region. The project aimed to empower the Association of Parents of Children with Disabilities and improve the living conditions and ensure the rights of children with disabilities by increasing the responsibility of provincial and local governments regarding children's rights. The evaluation of this project was conducted by a team from the Development Initiatives and Policy Research Center, which provides training, research, and consulting services. The evaluation was based on a comparison of the activities conducted within the project, the results achieved, and the impact based on research evidence. The evaluation survey was conducted from October 8th to October 18th, 2022, covering the Bayan-Olgii and Khovd province centers, as well as six soums, respectively, by conducting surveys with 74 parents and 156 communities. Additionally, data were collected using qualitative interview methods (individual and group interviews) involving 98 people who participated in the project management, government and non-government organizations, social workers, local education, health and welfare organizations, and the main stakeholders of the Development Project for Children with Disabilities. During the implementation of the project, children with disabilities and their parents were empowered, and community attitudes toward them changed as a result.
Abstract This study employs system dynamics-group modeling to investigate factors influencing digital access equity, drawing on the experiences of students across Mongolia. Results reveal a complex web of interconnected factors, with remoteness, household living standards, government policies, and technological proficiency emerging as key determinants. Government e-related policies are identified as pivotal leverage points for systemic change, particularly in addressing digital inequalities exacerbated by geographic remoteness. The findings underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions to enhance digital access particularly in remote areas.
This poster was prepared for The Norwegian Lutheran Mission in Mongolia’s Development Project for Children with Disabilities, which ran for three years from 2020 in the Bayan-Olgii and Khovd provinces of the western region. The project aimed to empower the Association of Parents of Children with Disabilities and improve the living conditions and ensure the rights of children with disabilities by increasing the responsibility of provincial and local governments regarding children's rights. The evaluation of this project was conducted by a team from the Development Initiatives and Policy Research Center, which provides training, research, and consulting services. The evaluation was based on a comparison of the activities conducted within the project, the results achieved, and the impact based on research evidence. The evaluation survey was conducted from October 8th to October 18th, 2022, covering the Bayan-Olgii and Khovd province centers, as well as six soums, respectively, by conducting surveys with 74 parents and 156 communities. Additionally, data were collected using qualitative interview methods (individual and group interviews) involving 98 people who participated in the project management, government and non-government organizations, social workers, local education, health and welfare organizations, and the main stakeholders of the Development Project for Children with Disabilities. During the implementation of the project, children with disabilities and their parents were empowered, and community attitudes toward them changed as a result.
Энэхүү илтгэлээр жендэр нийгмийн бүтэц болох онолын загварыг санал болгож байна. Онолын аргумент нь хувь хүний ялгаа, хүмүүсийн хоорондын харилцан үйлдэл, практик дахь нийгмийн хүлээлт, байгууллага болон институцийн түвшин дэх соёлын болон зохион байгуулалтын талаар хийгдсэн судалгаануудыг нэгтгэх шаардлагатай. Өнөөгийн шинжлэх ухааны хандлага нь онолуудыг өөр хооронд нь харьцуулах гэхээс илүүтэй нэгтгэх асуудлыг илүү хөндөж байна. Жендэрийн судалгааны цар хүрээ нь жендэрийн тэгш бус байдал яагаад өнөөг хэр нь оршсоор байна, үүнийг хэрхэн өөрчлөхийг тайлбарлах онол болон судалгаанд илүүтэй анхаарлаа хандуулж байна.
Abstract: Human development and community development are conceptually overlapping in that they are both the process of expanding options and the outcomes of expanding those options. In other words, the improvement of processes such as community use of resources and capital, collective decision-making, participation, etc. will lead to certain positive results by creating changes in community conditions. Many types of capital are interrelatedly involved in achieving this result. Although these capitals are essential to the process and outcomes of community development, it is important to highlight the importance and characteristics of social capital. The main elements of social capital, or specific types of measures, have an important role in the outcomes and processes of community development, and contribute to community development.
Abstract: The history of the origin and development of clinical social work, the theoretical and methodological basis. In social work, there are debates about educating social workers to be specialized, or to work in interdisciplinary teams. Theoretically, clinical social work should be implemented by interdisciplinary teams, but clinical social workers need more specialized training in psycho-social diagnosis, counseling, and therapy methods. Although social work has the potential to be multimethodical, to specialize in a wide range of disciplines, to conduct in-depth research on specific issues, and to work with target groups, this function can only be fulfilled if equivalent service infrastructure is in place.
Abstract: This article examines the field of social work, which is internationally defined as “Developmental social work”, and seeks to define this concept by expanding the concept of development and social development. In the end, the researchers' definitions of the characteristics of developmental social workers are discussed.
