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Accelerating climate change has intensified economic losses from natural disasters and heightened the demand for effective financial risk-management mechanisms worldwide. In this context, the insurance industry has emerged as a critical component of sustainable development by enhancing financial resilience, supporting social protection systems, and facilitating climate adaptation. This study empirically examines the relationship between insurance industry development and progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using cross-country data from 155 countries. Insurance penetration, measured as the ratio of total insurance premiums to gross domestic product, is employed as a proxy for insurance industry depth, while sustainable development performance is captured using the SDG Index. A log–log regression framework is applied to assess the magnitude and statistical significance of the association between insurance penetration and SDG outcomes. The results reveal a positive and highly significant relationship, indicating that higher insurance penetration is associated with improved SDG performance across countries. The model explains 34.1% of the cross-country variation in SDG Index scores (R² = 0.341), indicating a substantial association between insurance penetration and sustainable development outcomes. To further explore potential non linearities, an Artificial Neural Network model is applied, identifying a threshold level of insurance penetration below which SDG performance remains constrained. These findings highlight insurance development as an important policy instrument for advancing the SDGs, particularly in climate-vulnerable and emerging economies where insurance markets remain underdeveloped such as Mongolia.
The pace of global climate change has accelerated dramatically over the past century, exerting severe impacts on ecosystems and socioeconomic systems worldwide. Mongolia has experienced particularly rapid warming, with the national average annual temperature increasing by 2.25°C over the past 80 years, more than twice the global average. In recent decades, the frequency of natural disasters has also risen sharply, intensifying the need for financial risk protection among households and businesses. In this context, the insurance industry holds significant potential to contribute to sustainable development by enhancing financial resilience and strengthening social protection mechanisms. This study aims to examine the statistical relationship between insurance penetration and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using regression analysis. The results reveal a positive relationship between the development of the insurance industry and improvement in SDGs. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen financial stability and advance sustainable development in Mongolia and beyond.
Abstract This study explores the dynamics of bilateral trade relations between Mongolia and Poland through an empirical analysis of trade structures, export competitiveness, and industrial specialization. The research evaluates Mongolia’s economic composition, export potential, and comparative advantages, particularly in the cashmere sector, using indicators such as the Economic Complexity Index (ECI), export market shares, and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The study also examines trade trends between Mongolia and Poland from 2015 to 2022. Findings indicate that Mongolia’s economy remains highly dependent on mining exports, while value-added manufacturing sectors, especially cashmere processing, possess significant untapped export potential. Mongolia demonstrates strong comparative advantages in primary and semi-processed cashmere products; however, its competitiveness declines in higher value-added finished products. The paper concludes that strengthening industrial diversification and enhancing value-added production could improve Mongolia’s integration into global value chains and deepen bilateral trade cooperation with Poland. Keywords: Mongolia, Poland, bilateral trade, economic complexity, cashmere industry, RCA index, export competitiveness
Abstract Purpose: The insurance industry in Mongolia is indeed expanding, though it has received comparatively less attention than other sectors within the financial industry. However, it is crucial to understand the factors that reflect and influence long-run development trends of the insurance industry, in order to actively work towards its growth and development in the future. This study examines the variables in terms of their long-run effects on the insurance industry in Mongolia. Study design/methodology/approach: Data are sourced from the World Bank’s databases. Spanning the period from 1995 to 2022, with a total of 28 observations. Johansen Cointegration rank tests, estimation of cointegrating vector, and testing of hypotheses on long-run coefficients are used to investigate the long- run relationship between insurance premiums and variables that drive them. Findings: Our results show that price level, internet usage, and household income are the long-run variables influencing the total amount of insurance premiums in Mongolia. The long-run coefficients of these variables determine the long-run elasticities of insurance premiums. The long-run coefficient of household income is the largest and then household income is the primary factor of insurance premiums. Also, life expectancy is excluded from the cointegrating relation because zero restriction on its coefficient cannot be rejected. The role of life expectancy is ambiguous and is needed for further investigation. Practical Implications: Based on the main results, it is imperative to focus on long-run factors influencing the aggregate insurance premium income in Mongolia. Consequently, our findings offer valuable perceptions for the insurance sector, shedding light on their influence on the development of the industry. The development of the insurance industry in Mongolia is full of challenges and uncertainties. Hence, our study is related to the practice of decision sciences, providing insights into decision-making processes in optimal ways under conditions of uncertainty faced by government officials and practitioners.
Abstract: Credit scoring analysis helps financial service providers offer borrowers loans with zero or minimal risk. Our research aims to develop a credit scoring model to reduce the risk of making loan decisions. According to recent research results, machine learning methods, including ensemble learning models, are leading in this field. In this research work, we have tried to develop and compare credit scoring models using two supervised learning algorithms, XGBoost and Catboost, and we have used data from 1650 borrowers of non-bank financial institution A. According to the research results, the model evaluation matrix developed using the XGBoost algorithm, accuracy value 0.93% (ACC), precision, recall, F1-Score, and ROC curve were acceptable. To further improve this developed model, it is necessary to increase the number of variables by adding some additional information.
Хураангуй: Кредит скорингийн шинжилгээ нь санхүүгийн үйлчилгээ үзүүлэгч байгууллагууд зээлдэгчдэд эрсдэлгүй буюу хамгийн бага эрсдэлтэй зээл олгоход тусалдаг. Сүүлийн үеийн судалгааны ажлуудын үр дүнгээс харахад машин сургалтын аргууд түүн дотроо холимог сургалтын /ensemble learning/ аргаар боловсруулсан загварууд энэ салбарт тэргүүлэх байр суурь эзэлж байна. Бид энэхүү судалгааны ажлаараа А банк бус санхүүгийн байгууллагын 1650 зээлдэгчийн өгөгдлийг ашиглан холимог сургалтын хоёр /XGBoost, Catboost/ алгоритмаар кредит скорингийн загвар боловсруулж, харьцуулах оролдлого хийсэн. Судалгааны ажлын үр дүнгээс харахад XGBoost алгоритм ашиглан боловсруулсан загварын үр дүн алдааны матриц (confusion matrix), нарийвчлал (accuracy), percision, recall, f1-score, ROC муруй зэрэг үзүүлэлтүүд хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдөхүйц гарсан.
The current paper aims to examine factors that influence the adoption of cashless payments in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This study intended to analyze the effect of performance expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, innovativeness, perceived technology security and hedonic motivation on the adoption of cashless payments. The proposed model has assimilated factors from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2). Data was collected by conducting survey questionnaire completed by 2128 Mongolian users. The result shows that performance expectancy and facilitating condition have a significant influence on the adoption of cashless payments. Innovativeness and perceived technology security are positively related to the adoption of cashless payments.
The current education trend is to deliver abilities to younger generations to be able to work in a team, to build foundational human qualities, an emotional intelligence, and prioritize to meet the requirements of the 21st century workplace. It is important for Gen Z to increase their understanding of human and social values, and thus to build the country's future development and a prosperous society. As educator perspectives, it is one of our focal responsibility to link learning styles of the Gen Z students with technology-based learning outcomes. This paper summarizes the findings of a qualitative study of the ethical decision-making approach of undergraduate business students in Mongolia and compares them with international research in this field. The results indicate that Mongolian business students were less tolerant of situations involving the ethical constructs of fraud and deceit. Additionally, females are less tolerant than males in all ethical domains.
The current education trend is to deliver abilities to younger generations to be able to work in a team, to build foundational human qualities, an emotional intelligence, and prioritize to meet the requirements of the 21st century workplace. It is important for Gen Z to increase their understanding of human and social values, and thus to build the country's future development and a prosperous society. As educator perspectives, it is one of our focal responsibility to link learning styles of the Gen Z students with technology-based learning outcomes. This paper summarizes the findings of a qualitative study of the ethical decision-making approach of undergraduate business students in Mongolia and compares them with international research in this field. The results indicate that Mongolian business students were less tolerant of situations involving the ethical constructs of fraud and deceit. Additionally, females are less tolerant than males in all ethical domains.
Энэхүү судалгаагаар үнэт цаасны зах зээлийн хөрөнгө оруулагчдын IPO-н эрэлт болон хоёрдогч зах зээлийн гүйцэтгэлийн хоорондын хамаарлыг судаллаа. Мөн хөрөнгө оруулагчдын шийдвэр нь үнэт цаасны зах зээлд хэрхэн нөлөөлж буйг судлахыг зорьсон. Бидний судалгаагаар IPO-н эрэлт нь компаниудын анхны өгөөжтэй эерэг хамааралтай байна. Мөн арилжааны анхны өгөөж нь хөрөнгө оруулагчийн эрэлт өндөр байгаа IPO-уудын хувьд илэрхий доогуур үнэлэгдсэн, харин хөрөнгө оруулагчийн хувьд эрэлт багатай IPO-уудын үнэлгээ бодит үнэ цэнэтэй ойролцоо байна.Түүнчлэн IPO-уудын урт хугацааны өгөөж нь хөрөнгө оруулагчдын эрэлттэй сөрөг хамааралтай байна. Бидний судалгааны дүгнэлтээр Монголын үнэт цаасны зах зээлийн IPO-н эрэлтэд хөрөнгө оруулагчийн зан төлөв нөлөөлж байна.
Мэдээлэл харилцаа холбооны технологи эрчимтэй хөгжиж буй өнөө үед их дээд сургуулиудад инновацийг нэвтрүүлэх нь зайлшгүй хэрэгтэй байна. Эдийн засгийн хамтын ажиллагаа хөгжлийн байгууллагаас явуулсан судалгаанаас харвал дээд боловсролын салбарт инноваци нэвтрүүлэх явц бусад салбарт нэвтрүүлэх үйл явцаас арай түлхүү явагдаж байна. Үүнтэй уялдан манай их дээд сургууль төгсөгчдөөс ажлын байран дээр дээд боловсролтой хүнд байх ерөнхий чадварт програм хангамжийг өдөр тутмын үйл ажиллагаандаа ашиглах чадвартай байхыг шаардаж байна. Бизнесийн болоод эрдэм шинжилгээ, судалгаа, боловсролын салбарт аль алинд нь мэдээллийн технологийн хэрэглээ улам бүр нэвтэрч, боловсронгуй болж байна. Үүнтэй уялдан сургалтыг сонирхолтой, оновчтой байдлаар зохион байгуулах олон боломж бий болсон бөгөөд тэдгээрийг ашиглан оюутны суралцах процесст дэмжлэг үзүүлэх, онолын ойлголтыг баталгаажуулах, сургалтын агуулгыг нэмэгдүүлэх боломж ихээр гарч байна. Тиймээс энэхүү судалгааны ажлаар Санхүүгийн эконометрик хичээлд ашиглагддаг болон ашиглах боломжтой програм хангамж, МХТ-ийг тодорхойлж харьцуулах, эдгээрийн үр нөлөөг судлах зорилгоор хийсэн бөгөөд тус хичээлийг судалсан оюутнуудаас асуулгын аргаар судалгаа авч, үр дүнг нэгтгэсэн. Сургалтад ашиглагдаж байгаа програм хангамжуудыг үндсэн болон сургалтын үйл ажиллагааг дэмжих гэж хоёр хуваан тус бүрт нь харьцуулан судалж, үнэлгээ өгсөн. Судалгааны үр дүнд МХТ-ийг хэрэглээг хичээлд нэмэгдүүлэх нь сурах үйл ажиллагааг дэмжээд зогсохгүй, оюутны тэгш оролцоог нэмэгдүүлэх, хичээлийг илүү сонирхолтой, ойлгомжтой болгоход их хувь нэмэр үзүүлдэг гэсэн үр дүн гарсан.
Хураангуй Сүүлийн жилүүдэд ихэнх хөгжингүй орнуудад төрөлт багасч, насжилт уртасч байгаа нь өндөр насны тэтгэвэр авагч болон даатгуулагчийн хоорондын зохистой харьцааг өөрчлөн нэг даатгуулагчид ногдох тэтгэвэр авагчийн тоог нэмэгдүүлж, даатгуулагч, ажил олгогчдын төлсөн шимтгэлээр тэтгэврийг санхүүжүүлэхэд хүндрэл учруулж байгаа юм. Иймд тэтгэврийн шинэчлэлийг зохистой хийх нь өнөөгийн тэтгэвэр авагчид төдийгүй ирээдүйд тэтгэвэр авагчдын нийгмийн хамгааллыг найдвартай хамгаалж сайжруулах боломжтой болох юм. ЭЗХАХБ-ын орнууд 50-100 жилийн хугацаанд залуугаас хөгшин буюу насжсан үндэстэн болсон бол Азийн орнууд 20-25 жилд өндөр насжилттай болохоор байна.
