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Abstract Within the scope of this research, using the quantitative data of 88 quarters of Mongolian budget income and expenditure for 2020-2021, the structural effect was divided into two parts: pre-pandemic and post-pandemic, which were shown in the budget income and expenditure portfolio using the Markovitch portfolio choice model. Optimum values are obtained through programming or optimization, and how much the optimal value deviates from the original value is analyzed by the one-sigma rule. According to the results of the survey, the pandemic had a 48 percent impact on budget expenditures and 32 percent on budget revenue. Therefore, to improve budget efficiency, budget spending should be implemented effectively. In particular, policymakers should pay attention to the gradual increase in investment in the health and education sectors.
Introduction The current situation of Mongolian macroeconomics Economic Impact of Coal Exchange Trade Literature review Coal Exchange Trade Coal Exchange Trade transportation and projects Conclusion References
Mongolia is developing country with a population of 3.4 million, 48% of the people are living in the capital city. Other half of the population are living in rural areas where transportation and electricity infrastructures are poor and have a low population density. Those features (attribute) give rise to the demand for e-commerce advancement, while impeding its progress on the other side. Although Mongolia has faster growing ICT marketplace, e-commerce activities have not progressed as a similar speed. For this reason, we examine the current challenges and opportunities of e-commerce development in Mongolia.
Recently, the spread of the Covid-19 disease has become a global problem, and it is a time when people need to take measures to protect themselves. This effect has had an impact on small and medium businesses that engage in online shopping. Today, e-commerce is important and is here to stay. Internet marketing has become an integral part of marketing strategy. Marketers must understand how customers use the Internet to make decisions, select brands and transact with Internet providers.
The Internet has become increasingly popular. As we know 91 percent of the Mongolian total population is using internet access. In 2006, Mongolian online shopping development started, which is an important transaction among entrepreneurs and customers. As a new channel for marketing, online shopping played a significant role. It provides satisfaction for customers seeking convenience and speed when they purchase products. Therefore, the study aims to determine the factors influencing Mongolian consumers' attitudes and decision-making toward online shopping. The five main factors that are covid-19 effect, convenience, timesaving, web design, and security were selected from the available literature. The collected data from Mongolian online shoppers was analyzed by using SPSS, Smart PLS 3.3 software. The result indicates the hypothesis has been accepted.
The Сovid-19 which was first reported in 2019 has affected people’s lives, especially consumer behavior and household purchases. Our country has taken immediate and decisive measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus. These decisions have led to some changes in household purchases. The study article is the first study to examine changes in Mongolian household food consumption during the pandemic. The data from SPSS software surveyed a total of 205 households, which showed a decrease in the frequency of food purchases, most purchases of food from large stores, It seems that the health benefits are taken into account when buying food.
