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The Altai Tavan Bogd region is one of Mongolia’s most significant tourism destinations due to its unique natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and transboundary geographical location shared by Mongolia, Russia, and China. Despite its growing tourism potential, there is a lack of empirical research that systematically examines the factors influencing tourist satisfaction and revisit intention in this region, in particular. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors affecting tourist satisfaction and revisit intention among visitors to the Altai Tavan Bogd area, focusing on elements such as natural environment, service quality, cultural interaction, and perceived risk. A quantitative research approach was employed. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale and distributed through random sampling. The study incorporated accommodation, food service, such as authenticity, destination attractiveness, cultural contact, and perceived risk as independent variables, with satisfaction serving as a mediating variable and revisit intention as the dependent variable. The data were analyzed using SPSS for preliminary statistical tests (including descriptive, reliability, and correlation analyzes) and SmartPLS for advanced Structural Equation Modeling. Specifically, path analysis was employed to examine the direct, indirect, and mediating effects among the constructs, providing a comprehensive understanding of the causal relationships within the proposed research model. The findings reveal that tourist satisfaction has a strong positive impact on revisit intention. Additionally, some independent variables influence revisit intention indirectly through satisfaction, which functions as a mediating variable. To increase the potential for tourists to revisit the destination, it is important to ensure high-quality services, support meaningful cultural interactions, and maintain effective risk management systems, alongside the preservation of natural and cultural assets. These findings offer broader implications for tourism development, destination management, destination branding in Mongolia, and strategic planning in similar contexts.
Mongolia and China have a long history foreign relations and trade. The Government of Mongolia generates budget revenue from royalties (AMNAT) and corporate income tax (AANOT) derived from zinc concentrate production. China supports the importation of natural resources through ordinary and Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) tariff rates. Following China’s accession to the WTO, the import tariff on zinc concentrate has been set at a zero percent (0%) bound rate. As smelting industries develop and added-value products enter the market, export opportunities expand. However, according to China’s tariff policy effective through 2025, unwrought or unprocessed zinc metal classified under heading No. 79 (unrefined metals and concentrates) is subject to different MFN tariff rates of 1.5%, 3%, and 6%, and a temporary tariff rate of 1%, whereas the ordinary tariff rate remains at 20%. Bound tariffs are set at 1.5%, 3%, or 6%. Consequently, these tariff increases have led to a reduction in the profit margin differential.
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of global commerce. E-commerce has evolved beyond traditional online shopping to become a complex ecosystem shaped by changing consumer behavior, data-driven decision-making, and innovative business models. Key contemporary trends include the expansion of mobile commerce, the rise of social media–based purchasing, and the integration of artificial intelligence to deliver personalized customer experiences. Sustainability, data privacy, and immersive technologies such as augmented and virtual reality are also emerging as influential drivers of the digital marketplace. Together, these trends highlight the dynamic and continuously evolving nature of e-commerce as it adapts to meet global consumer expectations in the digital age.
The Altai Tavan Bogd region is one of Mongolia’s most significant tourism destinations due to its unique natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and transboundary geographical location shared by Mongolia, Russia, and China. Despite its growing tourism potential, there is a lack of empirical research that systematically examines the factors influencing tourist satisfaction and revisit intention in this region, in particular. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors affecting tourist satisfaction and revisit intention among visitors to the Altai Tavan Bogd area, focusing on elements such as natural environment, service quality, cultural interaction, and perceived risk. A quantitative research approach was employed. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale and distributed through random sampling. The study incorporated Accommodation, “food service - such as authenticity, Destination Attractiveness, Cultural Contact, and Perceived Risk as independent variables, with Satisfaction serving as a mediating variable and Revisit Intention as the dependent variable. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for preliminary statistical tests (including descriptive, reliability, and correlation analyses) and SmartPLS for advanced structural equation modeling (SEM). Specifically, path analysis was employed to examine the direct, indirect, and mediating effects among the constructs, providing a comprehensive understanding of the causal relationships within the proposed research model. The findings reveal that tourist satisfaction has a strong positive impact on revisit intention. Additionally, some independent variables influence revisit intention indirectly through satisfaction, which functions as a mediating variable. To increase the potential for tourists to revisit the destination, it is important to ensure high-quality services, support meaningful cultural interactions, and maintain effective risk management systems, alongside the preservation of natural and cultural assets. These findings offer broader implications for tourism development, destination management, destination branding in Mongolia, and strategic planning in similar contexts.
Abstract Within the scope of this research, using the quantitative data of 88 quarters of Mongolian budget income and expenditure for 2020-2021, the structural effect was divided into two parts: pre-pandemic and post-pandemic, which were shown in the budget income and expenditure portfolio using the Markovitch portfolio choice model. Optimum values are obtained through programming or optimization, and how much the optimal value deviates from the original value is analyzed by the one-sigma rule. According to the results of the survey, the pandemic had a 48 percent impact on budget expenditures and 32 percent on budget revenue. Therefore, to improve budget efficiency, budget spending should be implemented effectively. In particular, policymakers should pay attention to the gradual increase in investment in the health and education sectors.
Introduction The current situation of Mongolian macroeconomics Economic Impact of Coal Exchange Trade Literature review Coal Exchange Trade Coal Exchange Trade transportation and projects Conclusion References
Recently, the spread of the Covid-19 disease has become a global problem, and it is a time when people need to take measures to protect themselves. This effect has had an impact on small and medium businesses that engage in online shopping. Today, e-commerce is important and is here to stay. Internet marketing has become an integral part of marketing strategy. Marketers must understand how customers use the Internet to make decisions, select brands and transact with Internet providers.
Mongolia is developing country with a population of 3.4 million, 48% of the people are living in the capital city. Other half of the population are living in rural areas where transportation and electricity infrastructures are poor and have a low population density. Those features (attribute) give rise to the demand for e-commerce advancement, while impeding its progress on the other side. Although Mongolia has faster growing ICT marketplace, e-commerce activities have not progressed as a similar speed. For this reason, we examine the current challenges and opportunities of e-commerce development in Mongolia.
The Internet has become increasingly popular. As we know 91 percent of the Mongolian total population is using internet access. In 2006, Mongolian online shopping development started, which is an important transaction among entrepreneurs and customers. As a new channel for marketing, online shopping played a significant role. It provides satisfaction for customers seeking convenience and speed when they purchase products. Therefore, the study aims to determine the factors influencing Mongolian consumers' attitudes and decision-making toward online shopping. The five main factors that are covid-19 effect, convenience, timesaving, web design, and security were selected from the available literature. The collected data from Mongolian online shoppers was analyzed by using SPSS, Smart PLS 3.3 software. The result indicates the hypothesis has been accepted.
The Сovid-19 which was first reported in 2019 has affected people’s lives, especially consumer behavior and household purchases. Our country has taken immediate and decisive measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus. These decisions have led to some changes in household purchases. The study article is the first study to examine changes in Mongolian household food consumption during the pandemic. The data from SPSS software surveyed a total of 205 households, which showed a decrease in the frequency of food purchases, most purchases of food from large stores, It seems that the health benefits are taken into account when buying food.
