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This study uses VAR models to elucidate the ways in which economic factors from China, Russia, and South Korea impact Mongolia's tourism demand. The VAR model, which uses impulse response analysis and variance decomposition to capture the dynamic temporal implications of economic indicators like GDP and exchange rates on visitor flows. The demand for travel in the Russian, South Korean, and Chinese markets is significantly correlated, and China's significant contribution to Mongolia's tourism industry is highlighted. The findings of our study indicate that risk management and regional cooperation might be among the expected outcomes. Additionally, this study offers data-driven policy recommendations meant to boost Mongolia's tourist sector's competitiveness internationally.
Mongolia, known for its unique landscapes and culture, significantly benefits from international tourism. Economic fluctuations in key source countries like China, Russia, and South Korea, including changes in GDP growth, exchange rates, inflation, and consumer confidence, greatly influence tourist arrivals. Factors like tourism prices and income levels critically impact international flows (Bayarsaikhan et al., 2018). With the global economic environment's ongoing shifts, these factors present challenges in accurately predicting tourism demand. Traditional methods like AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Time-Varying Parameter (TVP) models are commonly used in tourism forecasting but struggle with seasonal and nonlinear data aspects (Liu et al., 2020). To address these limitations, advanced techniques like neural networks and Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been adopted for their superior ability to manage nonlinear relationships, showing promising results in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan (Song et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2022). Additionally, recent approaches include State-Dependent Models (SDMs) and interval forecasting techniques to enhance prediction accuracy (Guan et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019). This research leverages these advancements to develop a Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model integrated with deep learning, aiming to accurately predict Mongolia's tourism market trends by analyzing economic indicators and addressing data seasonality and nonlinearity.
Inspired by physical theories, the gravity model has been extensively applied to analyze international trade and tourism flows. Predicated on a fundamental principle that the volume of trade or tourism is directly proportional to the economic output of the nations involved and inversely proportional to the distance between them, the model has recently incorporated factors such as cultural similarities, shared languages, and trade agreements. By examining the trade and tourism interactions between China and Mongolia, the model provides a theoretical foundation for predicting international movements and exploring the impact of cultural and policy factors. Moreover, a case study from Thailand demonstrates that the development of the tourism sector can reduce trade costs by enhancing efficiency and infrastructure. This study not only enriches the theories of international trade and tourism flows but also offers empirical support for policy-making under the "Belt and Road" initiative, thus holding significant academic value and practical implications.
Khokh city of Inner Mongolia, where tourist sector is developing, it can attract millions of tourists. It is considered important to improve the services by paying attention to the attitude, knowledge and skills of guides-interpreters in the development of tourism in the region. Printed survey questionnaire were distributed to 7 selected destinations in Khokh city, and a total of 415 tourists' ratings were calculated. The research was conducted using quantitative research methods, and research data was processed using IBM SPSS 25 software. A total of 3 hypotheses were proposed and all were confirmed. As a result of the research, it is of practical significance by determining which attitudes, knowledge and skills of guides-interpreters should be focused on in order to increase the number of tourists visiting to Khokh City, as well as to improve the quality of service, by creating the motivation of tourists to visit again.
In a time characterized by the immediate necessity to enhance the quality and productivity of hospitality industry in Mongolia, the research was undertaken to improve job performance by increasing employee engagement and identifying influencing factors. Initially, the core indicators of increased employee engagement, multitasking jobs, and organizational culture were analyzed to determine how these factors, both individually and collectively, show direct and indirect impacts on job performance. To reach the objective, the research utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) methodology. Subsequently, the findings were analyzed using the SPSS software to discern the impact of human resources recruiting practices on both employee engagement and job performance based on the analysis of variance. In conclusion, multitasking jobs and organizational culture have a positive impact on job performance by increasing employee engagement. The novelty of this study discerns that employee engagement and job performance vary based on the specific human resource methods through which employees are recruited.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to uncover the relationship between home and the food and drink that accompanied it, knowing that livestock farming and life are related to nomadic cultures. Design/methodology/approach. Study of nomadic/family relationships; its internal environment; Analysis of historical notes and ethnic works on the origins, evolution, and time-consuming changes of the food order was verified by historical sources and researchers. Findings: Although the food and drinking services of livestock are natural, they have been closely related to livestock, homes, and visits, and have preserved their links and native heritage. The knowledge, routines and food relationships of natives with food and drink have proven to have a geographical background. Originality/value: The results of ethnic studies can be applied to the protection and preservation of native food traditions, and development with historical resources in rural services can be a way to absorb additional costs. The significance of this article is that linking the tradition of livestock hospitality to live tourism, or nomadic tourism, to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization, climate change, and gastrointevity.
The motivation to travel has been extensively studied, as it plays a crucial role in influencing people's travel decisions. Various theories have been proposed to explain travel behavior, including allocentric, psychocentric, push-pull factors, travel career ladder model (TLC) and travel career patterns model (TCP).This study delves into the impacts of perceived risks and travel constraints on Japanese travelers' motivation to travel to Mongolia, employing the push-pull theory as a framework. In the questionnaire survey, 142 Japanese citizens were selected by simple a random sampling method, and the survey was conducted in Japanese and English between April and May 2023. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 4 software. Out of the seven proposed hypotheses, four were confirmed and three were rejected. Two variables of push motivation, relax and recreation and relationship, did not significantly influence travel intention. However, three variables of pull motivation (comfort and dependability, nature and culture/history, and facility and event) were found to have a significant effect on travel intention. When examining risk/constraints as mediating variables, the results revealed that push motivation did not significantly influence travel intention, while pull factors demonstrated a statistically significant relationship. Two segments of travelers were also identified: those seeking nature-based experiences and those interested in historical and cultural attractions. These findings may guide tourism business operators seeking to attract Japanese travelers to Mongolia
In a time marked by the urgent need to enhance the quality and productivity of Mongolia’s hospitality sector, this research aimed to boost job performance through increased employee engagement and the identification of influencing factors. Initially, core indicators such as increased employee engagement, multitasking jobs, and organizational culture were analyzed to understand their individual and collective impacts on job performance. The study delved into the multitasking nature of hospitality employment where employees must juggle multiple tasks simultaneously, and the fluctuating nature of organizational culture aligns with Mongolia’s seasonal attributes. Given the industry’s characteristics and workforce instability, the research conducted a comparative analysis focusing on human resource recruiting practice as the controlling variable. A total of 155 hospitality industry employees participated in this primary study on employee engagement within the sector. The study’s finding revealed that multitasking jobs and organizational culture positively impact job performance by enhancing employee engagement. Additionally, the research highlighted variations in employee engagement and job performance based on specific human resource recruitment methods employed initially.
The status of Mongolia’s tourism industry is related to the level of participation of residents and, first of all, their positive and negative perceptions of the impact of tourism. As they are an irreplaceable stakeholder in tourism, they are generally moving towards an approach that involves them in participatory tourism activities. The basic understanding of local people in Mongolia about the impact of tourism, their distinguishing features, and the interrelationship between the effects aims to explain that local people are essential participants in tourism. The survey was conducted in 2021 using a random sampling method with four groups of 10 each and a total of 40 closed-ended questionnaires related to the TDA. A total of 4415 residents participated. As a result of the research, local people perceived the impact of economic, social, cultural, environmental, state, and administrative activities caused by the TDA differently as positive and negative, and these effects were found to be positively and strongly correlated. The current average level of knowledge of residents about the impact of tourism proves that “residents” have become one of the leading players in tourism, and in the future, the concept of “participatory” tourism should be reflected in development plans.
Abstract This article relies on historical geography method to explain why the ancient Buddhist settlements in Mongolia moved while bringing their belongings, how Buddhism and the surrounding events affected the settlement, and what happened to the settlement after the migration ended. The establishment of religious communities, their customs, traditions and teachings have significantly influenced on the shift from a nomadic to an urbanized ‘mindset’ and a way of living. Subsequently, this laid the basis of Ulaanbaatar’s social economic, and cultural relations. As a result of studies, we came to conclusion that Ulaanbaatar’s chronology need to be calculated starting in 1778 thanks to the advantages brought about by the religious settlements extended stay in one location.
Судлаачид аялах сэдэл нь аялах хүсэл, аялах шийдвэрт нөлөөлдөг гол хүчин зүйлсийн нэг гэж үздэг бөгөөд аялах сэдлийг тодорхойлох аллоцентрисм, психоцентрисм; түлхэх-татах; TCP, TCL онолууд байдаг. Бид Япон жуулчдын Монголоор аялах сэдэл, сэдэл нь аялах хүсэлд (travel intention) хэрхэн нөлөөлж буйг судлах зорилго тавьж, аялах сэдлийн Түлхэх-Татах онолд үндэслэн шинжилгээний загвар, судалгааны асуулгыг боловсруулсан. Асуулга судалгаанд 114 Япон иргэдийг энгийн санамсаргүй түүврийн аргаар сонгон авч япон болон англи хэлээр судалгааг 2023 оны 2-р сараас 3-р сарын хооронд авсан. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад Япон жуулчдын Монголд аялах сэдэлд зугаалах, мэдлэгээ дээшлүүлэх, өөрчлөх хүсэл, хүмүүс хоорондыг харилцааг дээшлүүлэх, хөгжүүлэх гэсэн түлхэх; орчин нөхцөл болон зохион байгуулж буй арга хэмжээд татагддаг, байгаль болон түүх, өв соёлд татагддаг гэсэн татах сэдлийн хүчин зүйлс нөлөөлж байна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад Япон жуулчдын Монголд аялах аялах хүсэлд аялах сэдлийн татах, түлхэх хүчин зүйлс нь эерэг, шууд хамааралтай нь батлагдсан.
Байр сууцны бизнесийн хөгжил дэх гэр бүлийн бизнесийн тогтвортой байдлын үзүүлэлтүүдийг тогтоож, тэдгээрийн ач холбогдол мөн чанарыг тодорхойлох зорилгоор, 1. Бизнес эрхлэгчдийн зөөлөн ур чадвар, 2. Бизнесийн амжилт, 3. Үйл ажиллагааны орчин, 4. Нийгмийн ухамсар зэрэг хүчин зүйлээр гэр бүлийн бизнес эрхлэгч 50 эздээс авсан. Судалгааны үр дүнд зөөлөн ур чадварын хүчин зүйлсээс байр сууцны бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаанд эздийн манлайлал болон тогоочийн ур чадвар хамгийн их байр суурийг эзэлж байгаа үзүүлэлттэй байна. Гэр бүлийн бизнесийн тогтвортой байдлын үзүүлэлтүүд хоорондоо бүгд эерэг хамааралтай гарлаа. Хамгийн сайн эерэг хамаарал нь Зөөлөн ур чадвар өсөхийн хэрээр Нийгмийн хариуцлага дагаж өсөж байгаа нь харагдав. Байр сууцны гэр бүлийн бизнесийг орон нутагт тогтвортой эрхлэхэд тулгамдаж буй асуудлуудыг судлан байнгын ажлын байр, эдийн засаг, нөлөөлж буй хүчин зүйлс дээр илүү анхаарч ажиллах нь шаардлага үүсэж байна.
Байр сууцны бизнесийн хөгжил дэх гэр бүлийн бизнесийн тогтвортой байдлын үзүүлэлтүүдийг тогтоож, тэдгээрийн ач холбогдол мөн чанарыг тодорхойлох зорилгоор, 1. Бизнес эрхлэгчдийн зөөлөн ур чадвар, 2. Бизнесийн амжилт, 3. Үйл ажиллагааны орчин, 4. Нийгмийн ухамсар зэрэг хүчин зүйлээр гэр бүлийн бизнес эрхлэгч 50 эздээс авсан. Судалгааны үр дүнд зөөлөн ур чадварын хүчин зүйлсээс байр сууцны бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаанд эздийн манлайлал болон тогоочийн ур чадвар хамгийн их байр суурийг эзэлж байгаа үзүүлэлттэй байна. Гэр бүлийн бизнесийн тогтвортой байдлын үзүүлэлтүүд хоорондоо бүгд эерэг хамааралтай гарлаа. Хамгийн сайн эерэг хамаарал нь Зөөлөн ур чадвар өсөхийн хэрээр Нийгмийн хариуцлага дагаж өсөж байгаа нь харагдав. Байр сууцны гэр бүлийн бизнесийг орон нутагт тогтвортой эрхлэхэд тулгамдаж буй асуудлуудыг судлан байнгын ажлын байр, эдийн засаг, нөлөөлж буй хүчин зүйлс дээр илүү анхаарч ажиллах нь шаардлага үүсэж байна.
The Internet has become increasingly popular. As we know 91 percent of the Mongolian total population is using internet access. In 2006, Mongolian online shopping development started, which is an important transaction among entrepreneurs and customers. As a new channel for marketing, online shopping played a significant role. It provides satisfaction for customers seeking convenience and speed when they purchase products. Therefore, the study aims to determine the factors influencing Mongolian consumers' attitudes and decision-making toward online shopping. The five main factors that are covid-19 effect, convenience, timesaving, web design, and security were selected from the available literature. The collected data from Mongolian online shoppers was analyzed by using SPSS, Smart PLS 3.3 software. The result indicates the hypothesis has been accepted.
In this article, the reasons why the ancient Buddhist settlements in Mongolia migrated with carrying their valuables, the impact of Buddhism and its surrounding events on the settlement, and the facts related to the development after the end of the migration were clarified through the historical geography methods. Religious settlements, rituals and teachings have played an important role in the changes of the nomadic lifestyle, and formation of the urbanized “mindset”. Later, it had developed to the basis of the social, economic and cultural relations of Ulaanbaatar city. And we came to the conclusion that it is reasonable to calculate the chronology of Ulaanbaatar city from 1778 since the benefits created by the religious settlement that lasts at one place for long time.
This research was made with the purpose to process the feedback on factors of service quality performance level, the satisfaction of students, the influence of students’ loyalty and improvement of service quality, and to research higher education service quality evaluation on the position of students. A total of 227 students of state universities are the object of the research. As the result of the research, the hypothesis that during the pandemic the evaluation for the service is different as a class learning experience of the students are not the same is not accepted. Even though many of the SERVPERF measurement items have been used in this study, Tangibles and Assurance were rated low and all five factors in service quality were found to have a positive effect on satisfaction. Student satisfaction and student loyalty are also directly related.
