Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл

Дэлхийджижиг мэрэгч амьтад тэдгээрийн тоо толгой, өсөлтийн динамик, амьдралын мөчлөгийн хэлбэлзэл, түүнийдалайц зэрэгтолон эрдэмтэн, судлаачийн анхаарал татагддаг.Хөлөнбуйрын тал нутаг болдэлхийн мал аж ахуйн үйлдвэрлэлийн чухал төвүүдийн нэг бөгөөд сүүлийн хэдэн арван жилд тус бүс нутаг тал хээрийн мэрэгч амьтад,тухайлбал үлийн цагаан оготно (Lasiopodymys brandtii)-ны тархалтаас үүдсэн экологийн хүнд сорилтуудтай тулгараад байна. Энэ мэрэгч нь улирлын чанартай үржин өсдөг бөгөөдтоо толгой нь эрс нэмэгдсэн.Жилд тэдний сөрөг нөлөөлөл, хор уршиг эрс нэмэгдэж тэднийг нэн хортон шавьжийн ангилалд оруулдаг. Өмнөх судалгаануудаас үзэхэд үлийн цагаан оготны газарзүйн тархалт нь орон зайн хувьд илүү өргөн бүс нутагт тархах хандлагатай байгаа чтэрхүү тархалтыг тодорхойлох үндсэн үзүүлэлт болтэдний нүхний бөөгнөрлийг (нүх) илрүүлэх явдал болохыг нотолсон.Энэхүү судалгаагаар 2021 он (Брандтын оготнын тоо толгой эрс өссөн)-ы 1000км²-аас дээш талбайг хамарсан GF-2 хиймэл дагуулын хоёр зургийг ашиглан Хөлөнбуйрын тал нутагт үлийн цагаан оготны үүрний бөөгнөрлийг илрүүлэхийг зорьсон. Үүнд зорилтот объектын Faster R-CNN загварыг гурван төрлийн илрүүлэх арга болох объектод суурилсан ангилал (object-based image classification), ургамлын индексийн ангилал (vegetation index classification) болон бүтцэд үндэслэсэн ангилал (texture classification)-тай хослуулан ашигласан.Үрдүнгээрүлийнцагаан оготны нүх илрүүлэхэд объектод суурилсан ангиллын аргабол хамгийн өндөр үзүүлэлтийг үзүүлж, хоёрзургийн дундаж F1 үзүүлэлтнь 0.722, дундаж нарийвчлал нь (AP) 63.80%-д хүрчээ. Бүтцэд үндэслэсэн ангиллаар арай бага дундаж нарийвчлал бүхий үр дүн буюу дундаж F1 үзүүлэлтнь 0,666; дундаж нарийвчлал нь 55.95%-тай тооцоологдсонболно. Харин ургамлын индексийн ангиллаар F1 үзүүлэлт нь дөнгөж 0.437, дундаж нарийвчлал нь 29.45% хувь болжээ. Энэ нь голдуу тухайн бүс нутгийн уур амьсгал, ургамлын ногооролтын хэмжээнээс шалтгаалсан үр дүн юм. Ерөнхийдөө тус судалгаа нь өндөр нарийвчлалтай хиймэл дагуулын зургийг гүн сургалтад суурилсан объект илрүүлэх аргатай хослуулан хэрэглэх нь хуурай буюу хагас хуурай бүс нутгийн тал хээрийн жижиг мэрэгч амьтны тоо толгойн мониторинг, менежментэд чухал ач холбогдолтойг харуулж байна.

Abstract: Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of forest fires, along with the key fac-tors influencing their occurrence, and accurately forecasting these events are crucial for effective forest management. In the Central-South region of China, forest fires pose a significant threat to the ecological system, public safety, and economic stability. This study employs Geographic Informa-tion Systems (GISs) and the LightGBM (Light Gradient Boosting Machine) model to identify the determinants of forest fire incidents and develop a predictive model for the likelihood of forest fire occurrences, in addition to proposing a zoning strategy. The purpose of the study is to enhance our understanding of forest fire dynamics in the Central-South region of China and to provide actionable insights for mitigating the risks associated with such disasters. The findings reveal the following: (i) Spatially, fire incidents exhibit significant clustering and autocorrelation, highlighting areas with heightened likelihood. (ii) The Central-South Forest Fire Likelihood Prediction Model demonstrates high accuracy, reliability, and predictive capability, with performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores exceeding 85% and AUC values above 89%, proving its effectiveness in forecasting the likelihood of forest fires and differentiating between fire scenarios.(iii) The likelihood of forest fires in the Central-South region of China varies across regions and seasons, with increased likelihood observed from March to May in specific provinces due to various factors, including weather conditions and leaf litter accumulation. Risks of localized fires are noted from June to August and from September to November in different areas, while certain regions continue to face heightened likelihood from December to February.

Улаанбаатар хотын тулгамдсан асуудал бол орчны бохирдол бөгөөд Монгол Улсын нийт суурьшлын 88 хувь нь хөрсөнд бохирдсон байна. Улаанбаатар хотын хүн амын 46.19 хувь нь гэр хороололд амьдардаг. Тэд гэр хороололд нүхэн жорлон ашигладаг бөгөөд энэ нь хотын орчин, хүний эрүүл мэндэд сөргөөр нөлөөлж, гүехэн ус руу нэвчиж, агаарт цацдаг. Судалгааны талбай нь Улаанбаатар хотын А бүсэд (хотын төв) 53.2 га талбайг эзэлдэг бөгөөд энэ нь гэр хороололоор хүрээлэгдсэн түүх соёлын бүс бөгөөд Гандангийн бүс гэж нэрлэгддэг. Гандангийн гэр хороолол нь 1920-иод онд Улаанбаатар хот байгуулагдснаас хойш байгуулагдсан. Энэхүү судалгааны аргачлалыг судалгааны бүс нутаг дахь хүрээлэн буй орчны бохирдол, хүний эрүүл мэндэд үзүүлэх сөрөг нөлөөллийг үнэлэх олон шалгуурт дүн шинжилгээг сонгосон болно. Судалгааны бүсэд 851 өрх болон 465 нүхэн жорлон байна. Энэхүү судалгааны давуу тал нь хотын 3 хэмжээст загварчлалын үр дүнд харуулсан.

Environmental pollution is the main problem in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia which is 88 percent of the total settled area was polluted in the soil. 46.19% of the population of Ulaanbaatar city lives in ger district. They use pit latrines poses in the ger district and it’s affected to urban environments and human health cause of infiltrating shallow water and released into the air. The study area is covered by 53.2 ha in A zone (center of the city) of Ulaanbaatar city which is a historical and cultural area surrounded by ger district which named Gandan area. Gandan ger district was created in 1920s since the Ulaanbaatar city located. The methodology of this study was selected multi-criteria analysis to assess the negative impact of environmental pollution and human health in the study area. There are 851 households living in the study area and 465 pit latrines are located. The advantages of this study were carried out with the results has shown on the 3D city modeling.

Most small rodent populations worldwide exhibit fascinating population dynamics, capturing the attention of numerous scholars due to their multiyear cyclic fluctuations in population size and the astonishing amplitude of these fluctuations. Hulunbuir steppe stands as a crucial global hub for livestock production, yet in recent decades, the area has faced recurring challenges from steppes rodent invasions, with Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii, BV) being particularly rampant among them. They not only exhibit seasonal reproduction but also strong social behavior, and are generally considered pests, especially during population outbreak years. Prior studies suggest that BV population outbreaks tend to occur across a wider geographic area, and a strong indicator for identifying rodent outbreaks is recognizing their burrow clusters (burrow systems). Hence, this paper conducts target object detection of BV burrow clusters in the typical steppes of Hulunbuir using two GF-2 satellite images from 2021 (the year of the BV outbreak). This task is accomplished by incorporating the Faster R-CNN model in combination with three detection approaches: object-based image classification (OBIC), based on vegetation index classification (BVIC), and based on texture classification (BTC). The results indicate that OBIC demonstrated the highest robustness in BV burrow cluster detection, achieving an average AP of 63.80% and an F1 score of 0.722 across the two images. BTC exhibited the second-highest level of accuracy, achieving an average AP of 55.95% and an F1 score of 0.6660. Moreover, this approach displayed a strong performance in BV burrow clusters localization. In contrast, BVIC achieved the lowest level of accuracy among the three methods, with an average AP of only 29.45% and an F1 score of 0.4370. Overall, this study demonstrates the crucial role of utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery combined with DL-based object detection techniques in effectively monitoring and managing the potential outbreaks of steppe rodent pests across larger spatial extents.

The residential area increased by 27.5 percent between 1990 and 2022, estimated from Landsat and Sentinel-2 images in Ulaanbaatar city. The accessibility of the residential area was divided into three sectors: access to health care, access to social services, and access to education. GIS applications enormously help science in making land assessments. This study was carried out in Ulaanbaatar capital of Mongolia. This study aims to estimate the inaccessibility of ger districts in Ulaanbaatar using a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and remote sensing. This research employs the GIS-based spatial MCA among the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. It is necessary to carefully determine the inaccessibility of the settlement area and to check the correctness of the assessment of the factors using the AHP method in the area with the weakest access, which was determined. Factors were ranked and relative weights were determined by establishing pairwise correlations. In the health sector, the consistency ratio is 32.7% or 0.327, the consistency of the ratio between the factors is low, and the availability of social services is 26% or 0.26, the ratio between the factors. weak, 41.3% or 0.413 for access to the education sector, which is related to the harmony of the relationship between the factors. The estimation of inaccessibility in the ger area of Ulaanbaatar city will ensure the essential reliability of the estimates, which will undoubtedly be helpful in the process of planning and policymaking.

The terrestrial biosphere plays an important role in the global carbon cycle linked with climate change, the main cause of global warming. Mongolian ecosystems are particularly vulnerable due to the relatively high altitude of the country and the continental semi-arid climate. Therefore, it is important to monitor environmental changes. So far, many studies have analysed terrestrial vegetation changes in Mongolia using a single satellite-based vegetation index, dataset, such as MODIS and GIMMS datasets. However, synthesis analysis using ground observation, remote sensing, and ecosystem modelling is missing. The purpose of this study is to show robust vegetation and terrestrial carbon cycle changes using multiple available datasets of climate, vegetation, and carbon cycles, covering ground observation, remote sensing datasets, and model outputs. This study covers the periods from 1980s to 2020.

Irrigated crops have experienced a significant global expansion. The biophysical response of climate change to irrigated crop expansion in different regions, particularly in terms of monitoring the influence mechanism of nighttime land surface temperature (LST) change, however, remains insufficiently explored. Taking the three northeastern provinces of China as our study area, we apply window analysis, partial correlation analysis, and geographical detector to quantitatively characterize the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of daytime and nighttime LST (diurnal LST) and biophysical parameters, and the main driving mechanism of diurnal LST change. The results showed that irrigated crop expansion led to asymmetric changes in daytime (−2.11 ± 0.2°C, 97.4%) and nighttime (0.64 ± 0.2°C, 79.9%) LST. DLSTDT had a negative correlation with DLE (63%), but a positive correlation with DSSR and DH (91% and 77%). This revealed that the cooling effect caused by the superposition of the output latent heat flux and the absorbed solar shortwave radiation was greater than its heating effect. DLSTNT and DLE had a positive connection across 69% of the region. DLSTNT demonstrated a negative correlation with DSSR and DH in 82% and 75% of the regions, respectively. At this time, the superposition of latent heat flux and heating potential term produces a greater heating effect. The explanatory power of the single factor (the mean of q<0.50) of biophysical parameters for diurnal LST variation was significantly smaller than that of the interaction factor (the mean of q>0.50, p<0.01). This study shows more detailed dynamic information of diurnal LST and biophysical parameters from 8day scale. The findings highlighted the critical role of asymmetric changes in the diurnal surface thermal environment caused by irrigated crop expansion in the global climate from a land surface hydrothermal energy balance perspective.

Due to the intensification of climate change around the world, the incidence of natural disasters is increasing year by year, and monitoring, forecasting, and detecting evolution using satellite imaging technology are important methods for remote sensing. This study aimed to monitor the occurrence of fire disasters using Sentinel-2 satellite imaging technology to determine the burned-severity area via classification and to study the recovery process to observe extraordinary natural phenomena. The study area that was sampled was in the southeastern part of Mongolia, where most wildfires occur each year, near the Shiliin Bogd Mountain in the natural steppe zone and in the Bayan-Uul sub-province in the forest-steppe natural zone. The normalized burn ratio (NBR) method was used to map the area of the fire site and determine the classification of the burned area. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the recovery process in a timely series in the summer from April to October. The results of the burn severity were demonstrated in the distribution maps from the satellite images, where it can be seen that the total burned area of the steppe natural zone was 1164.27 km2, of which 757.34 km2 (65.00 percent) was classified as low, 404.57 km2 (34.70 percent) was moderate-low, and the remaining 2.36 km2 (0.30 percent) was moderate-high, and the total burned area of the forest-steppe natural zone was 588.35 km2, of which 158.75 km2 (26.98 percent) was classified as low, 297.75 km2 (50.61 percent) was moderate-low, 131.25 km2 (22.31 percent) was moderate-high, and the remaining 0.60 km2 (0.10 percent) was high. Finally, we believe that this research is most helpful for emergency workers, researchers, and environmental specialists.

Nighttime light data provides the strong data and technical support for monitoring urbanization and regional development, but its specific applicability needs to be further explored. Based on GIS and RS technology, this paper obtains Mongolian nighttime light data from 1992 to 2018 by correcting DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS data, aiming to analyze the applicability of nighttime light data to less developed countries. The research results show that: 1) The agglomeration effect of nighttime lights in the capital city cluster of Mongolia is obvious, presenting a spatial pattern of "concentration in the north central regions, and rapid growth along the railway line"; The total value of nighttime light showed a significant growth trend after 2010, which indicates that the power supply has achieved rapid and stable growth; 2) When the spatial scale is larger, the more applicable the nighttime light data is, and the higher the accuracy of reflecting social and economic activities. At the same provincial scale, only when the urbanization rate is greater than 30% and the population cannot be lost in large quantities, the nighttime light data has a positive correlation with the number of people, otherwise it is negatively correlated or irrelevant; 3) NPP/VIIRS has detected more settlements than DMSP/OLS, and stable power supply is key to whether settlements were detected;

Монгол улсын шинжлэх ухааны хөгжилд оруулж буй МУИС-ийн хувь нэмэр өдрөөс өдөрт өргөжин тэлсээр байна. Улс орон хөгжин дэвжихийн тулгуур болох “чадварлаг ажиллах хүчин, судлаач мэргэжилтэн”-ийг бэлтгэх нь сургалтын байгууллагын үндсэн үүрэг юм. Энэ ч утгаараа нийгэм, эдийн засаг, улс орны хөгжлийн бодлогын хүрээнд шинэ салбарын судлаач мэргэжилтнийг бэлтгэх үйлсийн анхдагч нь МУИС билээ. Монгол улс 1990-ээд онд төлөвлөгөөт эдийн засгаас зах зээлийн эдийн засагт шилжиж, гадаад орнуудтай нээлттэй бодлого явуулснаар манай оронд аялал жуулчлалын бизнесийн салбар эрчимтэй хөгжих эхлэл тавигдаж аялал жуулчлалын мэргэжлийн боловсон хүчин бэлтгэх эрэлт хэрэгцээ бий болсон юм. Энэ ч утгаар 1993 онд МУИС нь монгол улсад аялал жуулчлалын мэргэжилтэн бэлтгэх анхны сургалтыг эхэлж байв. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд 1956 онд байгуулагдсан Газарзүйн тэнхимийн сургалт, судалгааны үндсэн хоёр чиглэлийн нэг болох нийгэм эдийн засгийн газарзүйн салбарт аялал жуулчлалын нээн эхлүүлснээс эдүгээ хүртэлх сургалт, эрдэм шинжилгээний ажлын хөгжлийн тоймыг нэгтгэн өгүүлэхийг хичээлээ. Тус өгүүлэлд цаг хугацааны дарааллаар тухайн салбарт үр бүтээлтэй ажиллаж байсан болон ажиллаж буй эрдэмтэн багш нарын сургалт, судалгааны бүтээлүүдэд тойм шинжилгээ хийв. Монгол орны газарзүй-аялал жуулчлалын судалгааны үр дүнгүүд нь улс орны нийгэм, эдийн засаг, байгаль орчин, аялал жуулчлалын салбарын хөгжилд тодорхой үр нөлөө, ач тусаа үзүүлсээр ирсэн байна. Түүхэн хугацаанд МУИС-ийн газарзүйн тэнхимийн аялал жуулчлалын хөтөлбөрт 10 гаруй эрдэмтэн, багш судлаачид ажиллан энэ чиглэлээр сургалт, судалгааг хийж дотоодын болоод олон улсын түвшний олон арван бүтээлийг туурвиад байна.

The alterations in vegetation cover in the Three North Protection Forest Project area influence its ecological and environmental management. It helps to study soil erosion, environmental change, and ecosystem protection to provide basic data support. Based on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, this paper selects MODIS 3Q1 data from 2000–2020 and uses the image element dichotomous model to estimate the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) of the Three North Protection Forest Project area, evaluates the stability and temporal and spatial variation of FVC, investigates the coupling relationship between the FVC and temperature and rainfall through evaluation indexes such as the slope of inter-annual variation and partial correlation coefficient, and then analyzes the influence of land use changes on the FVC. The results show that the fractional vegetation cover of the Three North Protection Forest Project area as a whole has increased significantly over the past 20 years, the medium and high vegetation coverage areas have reached 36.4%, the high vegetation FVC has increased from 20.66% in 2000 to 21.59% in 2020, and the vegetation activity is increasing. The vegetation cover is significantly affected by the topographic effect, with the vegetation cover improving relatively well at slopes between 5–13° and elevations ranging from 2000–2500 m. The overall positive correlation between vegetation and temperature and vegetation and precipitation in the study area was 54.08% and 70.04%, respectively, and precipitation was the key factor influencing vegetation growth in the research region. Human activities have a stronger effect on vegetation construction than destruction, and this study contributes to the evaluation of the benefits of the Three North Protection Forest Project and the understanding of human influence on environmental change.

Дэлхий дахинаа байгаль, нийгэмцаашлаад нийгэм-эдийн засагт асар их хохирол үзүүлж байдаг олон янзын байгалийн гамшиг тохиолддог бөгөөд тэдгээрийн нэг нь ой,хээрийн түймэр юм.Байгалийн гамшигт үзэгдэл, байгалийн нөөцийн судалгаанд зайнаас тандан судалгааны аргыг өргөн ашиглаж, хяналт, мониторинг хийж байна. Ой,хээрийн түймрийн голомтыг цаг тухайд нь зөв тооцоолох нь түймрийн дараах менежмент, шийдвэр гаргахад онцгой ач холбогдолтой. Энэхүү судалгаагаар Европын Сансар Судлалын Агентлагийн(ESA) ‘Sentinel-2’хиймэл дагуулын зургийг ашиглан Дорнод аймгийн Баян-Уулболон Баяндун сумдын нутагт гарсан ой,хээрийн түймэрт өртсөн талбайг тооцоолох, шатсан талбарын зэрэглэлийг тогтоох,хүчин зүйлүүдтэй харьцуулан тодорхойлохявдал юм. Судалгаанд нормчилсон шаталтын харьцаа буюу ‘NBR’, ‘NBR+’ индексүүдийг түймэр гарахын өмнө болон дараах хиймэл дагуулын зурагт суурилан тооцоолон гаргасан. Нийт 58,131.6 га талбай түймэрт өртсөнбөгөөдтухайн шатсан талбайгАНУ-ын Геологийн албанаас санал болгосон шаталтын зэрэглэлийн ангиллаартооцоход шаталтын бага зэрэглэлтэй 15,423.7 га буюу 26.3%, дундаас доогуурзэрэглэлтэй 29,529.4 га буюу 50.4%, дундааж дээгүүрзэрэглэлтэй 13,160.2 га буюу 22.5%, өндөрзэрэглэлтэй 18.3га буюу 0.03%-ийг эзэлж байна.Нийт шатсан талбайн 7,181.5 га буюу 12.4%-ийг ойн талбайн эзэлж байна. Түймэрт өртсөн нийт талбайн 87.6% нь Монгол улсад, 12.4%нь ОХУ-ын нутагдэвсгэртбайна. Түймрийн шаталтын зэрэглэлднөлөөлж болох байгаль, газарзүйн 10 хүчин зүйлийг харьцуулан хамаарлыг Пирсоны корреляцийн коэффициентоор тооцоход 4 хүчин зүйл эерэг сул хамааралтай, 6 хүчин зүйл сул сөрөг хамааралтай гарсан. Түймрийн шаталтын зэрэглэлдбусад хүчин зүйлүүдээсээ хамгийн өндөрнөлөө үзүүлсэн хүчин зүйл ургамлын нормчилсон ялгаврын индекс‘NDVI’0.4 буюу сул эерэг хамааралтай байсан бол өндөршил 0.23 буюу хамаарал маш сул байна. Харин хур тунадас -0.22 буюу сөрөн сул хамааралтай байна.Түймрийн тархалтад салхи хүчтэй нөлөөлдөг хэдий ч түймрийн шаталттай харьцуулахад нөлөөлөөгүй сөрөг хамаарлыг үзүүлсэн байна.Энэ нь түймэр тархахад салхи нөлөөдөгч шатах материал удаан шатах нөхцөлд салхи эсрэг нөлөө үзүүлдэг нь харагдаж байна.Түймрийн дараа ургамлын төрөл, нөөц хомсдох, ургамлын бүтцэд өөрчлөлт орох, бэлчээрийн нөөц хомсдох, ховор амьтан ургамал устаж үгүй болох, ойн нөөц багасах, хүн болон мал амьтны амь эрсдэх,агаарыг их хэмжээгээр бохирдуулах зэрэг нийгэм-эдийн засагболонэкологид нөхөж баршгүй сөрөг үр дагавар гардаг учир түймрийн шаталт, тархалт, хамрах талбайг судалж, цаашид гарч болох эрсдэлийг тооцоолох, урьдчилсан сэргийлэх нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлэх юм.

Nighttime light data provides an important method for monitoring urbanization and regional development, but its specific applicability needs to be further explored. Nighttime light data provide a new way to obtain urbanization information. Based on GIS and RS technology, this paper obtains Mongolian nighttime light data from 1992 to 2018 by correcting DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS data, aiming to analyze the applicability of nighttime light data to less developed countries. The research results show that the agglomeration effect of nighttime lights in the capital city cluster of Mongolia is obvious, presenting a spatial pattern of “concentration in the north central regions, and rapid growth along the railway line”; The total value of nighttime light showed a significant growth trend after 2010, which indicates that the power supply has achieved rapid and stable growth firstly; in second, when the spatial scale is larger, the more applicable the nighttime light data is, and the higher the accuracy of reflecting social and economic activities. At the same provincial scale, only when the urbanization rate is greater than 30% and the population cannot be lost in large quantities, the nighttime light data has a positive correlation with the number of people, otherwise it is negatively correlated or irrelevant; in third, NPP/VIIRS has detected more settlements than DMSP/OLS, and stable power supply is key to whether settlements are detected.

Монгол орны хуурай гандуу бүс нутагт голуудын усны урсац тодорхой хэлбэлзэлтэй байгаагаас гадна хүний үйл ажиллагааны нөлөөгөөр Айраг нуур ба Гэгээн нуурын гадаргын талбайн хувьд урвуу хамааралтай өөрчлөлт тодорхой илэрч байв. Цутгал голуудын урсацын өөрчлөлтөөс шалтгаалж Айраг ба Гэгээн нуурт өөрчлөлтүүд тод илэрч буй шалтгааныг үндэслэл болгов. Энэхүү судалгаанд Айраг нуур болон Гэгээн нуурын талбайн морфологийн шинжилгээ, усны нормчлогдсон индекс (NDWI)-ийн шинжилгээ, эзэлхүүний шинжилгээ, статистик шинжилгээний аргууд ашиглав. Айраг нуурын усны гадаргын талбай, эзэлхүүн сүүлийн 15 жилийн хугацаанд багасч, харин Гэгээн нуурын хэмжээ нэмэгдсэн байна. Энэ нь 2007 онд Завхан голын усан цахилгаан станцын далан хаалттай шууд холбоотой юм. Судалгаанд хамрагдаж буй Айраг нуурын усан толион талбайн 1990-2021 он хүртэлх 30 гаруй жилийн хугацааг хамрах хугацааны сансрын зургуудад боловсруулалт хийж нуурын талбайг тооцож гаргасан. Айраг нуурын талбайн өөрчлөлтөөс үзэхэд 1990-2006 он хүртэл харьцангуй үзүүлэлттэй байв. Энэ нь тухайн жилүүдийн уур амьсгал, голуудын тэжээлийн хэлбэлзэлтэй холбоотойгоор зарим жилүүдэд нуурын талбай ихэсч байхад зарим жилүүдэд буурах хандлага илэрч байжээ. Харин 2007-2011 онуудад уг нуурын талбай огцом буурч, 2012 оноос хойш талбайн бууралтын хэмжээ харьцангуй тогтворжсон. Энэ нь Гэгээн нуурт 2007-2011 онд усыг эрчимтэй хуримтлуулж түүнээс хойш усны урсацын балансыг тогтвортой барьж байсантай холбоотой байв. Тодруулбал, 2007 оноос хойш усан толион хэмжээ Айраг нуурын хувьд жилд дундажаар 3.54 км2-аар тогтмол буурч байхад Гэгээн нуурын хувьд жилд дундажаар 3.22 км2-аар тогтмол нэмэгдэж нуурын талбайн урвуу өөрчлөлт илэрсэн. Эдгээр нууруудын талбай болон эзэлхүүний цаг хугацааны өөрчлөлтийн хоорондын хамаарал маш өндөр (талбай R = -0.858, p <0.001) буюу 74%, (эзэлхүүн R = -0.818, p <0.001) буюу 67%, Айраг нуурын талбайн хэмжээ багассан шалтгааныг Гэгээн нуурын талбай нэмэгдсэнтэй холбоотой байв. Цаашид Айраг нуурын талбайн бууралтанд нөлөөлж буй голын урсацын болон уур амьсгалын хүчин зүйлсийг нарийвчлан тодруулж усны балансын аргуудад тулгуурлан судлах шаардлагатай. Айраг нуурын сав газрын усзүйн сүлжээнд Хяргас нууртай Хомын хоолойгоор холбогддог бөгөөд уг нуурын илүүдэл ус Хяргас нуурт тэжээл болж өгдөг зүй тогтолтой. Энэ усзүйн зүй тогтол нь цаашдаа Хяргас нуурын талбайн хэмжээнд хүртэл нөлөөлөх хандлага энэ судалгаагаар илэрч байв.

Simulation and Prediction of Land Use/Cover Changes Based on CLUE-S and CA-Markov Models: A Case Study of a Typical Pastoral Area in Mongolia

Using GIMMS NDVI growing season (April-October) data from 1982-2015, mean temperature and monthly precipitation data from 60 meteorological station observations for the same period, the vegetation cover change and climate change in the Mongolian region and its response were studied with the help of linear trend analysisand Pearson correlation method the relationship between vegetation cover change and climate change in Mongolia and its response was studied using linear trend analysis, Mann-Kendall trend analysis and Pearson correlation. The results show that the average NDVI of the growing season in Mongolia has gradually increased spatially from south to north over the past 34 years. Seasonally, there was an overall increasing trend of NDVI in all three seasons, and the influence of precipitation on vegetation NDVI was greater than the influence of temperature on it. Different vegetation types responded more to precipitation than to temperature, and alpine grassland vegetation significantly affected air temperature and precipitation.

Ой, хээрийн түймэр нь байгалийн экосистемийг сүйрэлд хүргэж болзошгүй юм. Гэхдээ энэ нь зарим талаараа өрөөсгөл ойлголт ч байж болох бөгөөд байгаль өөрөө өөрийгөө цэвэрлэж буйн ямар нэгэн хэлбэр гэж ойлгож болох юм. Зайнаас тандан судлах хиймэл дагуулууд нь тодорхой хэмжээний түймрийг хянах зардал багатай аргыг санал болгох ба сүүлийн жилүүдэд дэлхийг ажиглах зайнаас тандан судлалын зорилготой орон зайн дунд болон өндөр нарийвчлалтай оптик хиймэл дагуулын мэдээллийн хүртээмж нэмэгдэж байгаа нь судлаачид болон түймрийн удирдлагын ажилтнуудад түймрийн дараах нарийвчилсан үнэлгээ хийх боломжийг олгож байна. Энэхүү судалгаагаар ‘NBR’ нь түймэрт өртсөн газар нутгийг тодорхойлох, ‘Sentinel-2’ хиймэл дагуулын өгөгдлүүдийг ашиглан шаталтын талбайн үнэлгээ хийхэд хамгийн чухал индексийн нэг болохыг харуулсан болно. Дүгнэж хэлэхэд зайнаас тандан судлал болон ГМС-ийн техник нь байгалийн экосистем дэх ой, хээрийн түймрийн нөлөөллийн талаарх амин чухал ойлголтыг өгч чаддаг. Энэ нь дэлхий даяар гарч буй томоохон болон жижиг хэмжээний ой, хээрийн түймрүүдийг үр дүнтэй илрүүлэх, хянах, төлөвлөх, урьдчилан сэргийлэх менежментэд чухал ач холбогдолтой юм.

For the last 90 years, approximately 100 research magazines have been published in each scientific sector of Mongolia in the Mongolian, Russian and English languages. But there is not any published research which clarifies development trends of each sector involving a review and analysis in the scientific journal of any specific area or sector in Mongolia. I have undertaken a review and analysis of this research using a comparative analysis method. In this article, the research published in the journal of Geographic Issues over the last 20 years was compared. This involved the review of articles, the involvement of authors, the similarities and differences in the field of scientific content, and the development trends of research. This was all clarified.The results showed that except for Mongolian researchers, Russian, German, British, American and Japanese researchers published their articles in this journal. Within the period the research involved 168 researchers who participated as a first author and 400 researchers as other authors in the publication of a total of 359 articles in developing the journal of Geographical Issues. Regarding the scope, more than 10 articles were published in the areas of service geography, meteorology and climate science, land relations, urban geography, environmental science, hydrology, agricultural geography, recreational geography, remote sensing and geomorphological studies. Baseline study materials of physics and social geography, which are the main sectors of the geography, have comparatively been published rarely. The main trend of the magazine is inter-sectoral research work based on physical geography and socio-economic geography. It was a key principle of this magazine to publish this research by filtering them in an ethical and fair manner.

Дэлхий уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлтийн шууд болон дам үр дагаврын нөлөөллөөр олон төрлийн байгалийн гамшигт үзэгдлүүд нэмэгдэж, тэдгээрийг судлах зорилгоор орчин үеийн судалгааны арга техникийг өргөн ашиглах боллоо. Үүний нэг тод илрэл нь зайнаас тандан судлалын арга бөгөөд түүний зураглалын технологийн тусламжтайгаар байгаль орчны өөрчлөлтийг хянах, урьдчилан таамаглах, үнэлэх, илрүүлэх боломжууд нэмэгдэж, судалгаа шинжилгээний хувьд ач холбогдол өндөртэй болж байгаа юм. Энэхүү судалгааны үндсэн зорилго нь ‘Sentinel-2’ хиймэл дагуулын зураглалын технологийн ашиглан түймрийн гамшигт үзэгдлийг хянах, түймэрт өртсөн талбайг тодорхойлох, шатсан талбарын зэрэглэлийг ангилах, байгалийн нөхөн сэргэлтийн үйл явцыг тодорхойлох явдал юм. Судалгааны нутаг дэвсгэрийг Монгол орны зүүн хэсэг, тал хээрийн бүсэд орших Шилийн Богд уул орчим дахь түймэр гарсан газар нутгийг сонгон авсан болно. Судалгааны аргазүйн хувьд нормчилсон шаталтын харьцаа буюу ‘NBR’ индексийг ашиглан түймэрт өртсөн талбарын талбай, шатсан талбарын зэрэглэлийг шатаагүй, бага, бага-дунд, их-дунд, өндөр гэсэн 5-н зэрэглэлд зураглан, нөхөн сэргэлтийн явцыг ургамлын нормчилсон индекс буюу ‘NDVI’ үзүүлэлт, хээрийн ажиглалтын үйл явцаар тодорхойлсон болно. Судалгааны үр дүнд сансрын зургаас түймэрт шатсан талбайг ялган зураглаж, нийт шатсан талбайн хэмжээг 1164.27 км2 гэж тооцоолсон. Үүний 65 хувь буюу 757.34 км2 талбай сул, 34.7 хувь буюу 404.57 км2 талбай бага-дунд, үлдсэн 0.3 хувь буюу 2.36 км2 талбай өндөр-дунд шаталтын зэрэглэлийн ангилалд багтаж байгааг тодорхойлсон. Энэ судалгааны ажил нь онцгой байдлын газрын албан хаагчид, судлаачид, байгаль орчны мэргэжилтнүүдэд түймэр гарсан газар нутгийн шаталтын зэргийг тодорхойлох, нөхөн сэргэлтийн байдлыг илрүүлэх, гамшгийн зэргийг үнэлэх, дүн шинжилгээ хийх зэрэг ажлуудад аргазүйн хувьд дэмжлэг болохуйц ач холбогдолтой юм.

A dependable pasture biomass estimation is critical to prevent the pasture shortages for decision-makers at all levels in Mongolia. Remote sensing technology is expected to be capable of deriving such estimates. Therefore, in this study, we produced and compared linear regression models between above-ground pasture biomass and seven vegetation indices using close-range spectral measurements in the forest-steppe zone, which is one of six vegetation zones of Mongolia. The results indicated that the atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) (R2 ¼ 0.62; p < 0.001) showed the highest fit with above-ground biomass in this particular landscape. The dominant perennial grasses in the sampled areas were Stipa krylovii Roshev. and Artemisia frigida Willd., which are commonly grazed in the summer and winter. Therefore, we concluded that the ARVI is the most suitable candidate for estimating pasture biomass in a landscape similar to that widely found in north-central Mongolia. This research will be applicable for pasture monitoring and natural resource studies in Mongolia.

Regional development is one of the important issues which can tie the socio-economy to the policy level. In other words, the unbalanced development of regions causes different residence and life-standard and it impacts negatively on the sustainable development of the country. The ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR) initiative is a foreign policy and economic strategy of The People's Republic of China. The initiative envisages the building of six major economic cooperation corridors and several key maritime pivot points across Eurasia: On land, the plan is to build a new Eurasian land bridge and develop the economic corridors of China-Mongolia-Russia; China-Central Asia-West Asia; the China-Indochina peninsula; China-Pakistan; and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar ... On the seas, the initiative will focus on jointly building smooth, secure and efficient transport routes connecting major seaports along the belt and road. Formally, OBOR emphasizes five key areas of cooperation: · coordinating development policies · forging infrastructure and facilities networks · strengthening investment and trade relations · enhancing financial cooperation and · deepening social and cultural exchanges. The southern border of Mongolia or 4676.8km border with The Chinese Republic consists of the 450201.65km2 territory of 39 soums of eight provinces of four regions of the economy. The socio-economic development policy of the territory around the border is directly dependent on domestic and external factors. Considering these domestic and external factors at macro, micro, and miso, it must be connected to environmental and geographical factors, the density of population, a resource of the agricultural industry, mining, and infrastructure planning, border point, and regional or neighbor countries’ multi-sided cooperation. Socio-economic condition, source, and capacity of the region around the southern border are determined and development policy and possibility based on regional and neighbor countries’ demand and cooperation are going to be studied within this research work.

Land use/land cover (LULC) is one of the serious phenomena that can influence human activities. Spatial-temporal analysisof land-use/land-cover (LULC) change, as well as the monitoring and modeling of urban expansion, are essential for theplanning and management of urban environments. Such environments reflect the economic conditions and quality of life ofthe individual country. Urbanization is generally influenced by national laws, plans, and policies and by power, politics, andgovernance in many developing countries. Remote sensing tools play a vital role in monitoring LULC change and measuringthe rate of urbanization at both the local and global levels. This paper monitored the changes of the urban suitability area,and prediction of LULC with urban growth using multi-criteria decision analysis and cellular automata (CA)-Markov chainmodel. The province of Orkhon is the most intensive development area in Mongolia, and a transitional zone on urban areaexpansion with residential, mining, and industries, where is sampled in this study. The methods are provided by the urbansuitability area based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with factor variables and simulation of LULC based on the CA-Markov chain model. The urban suitability area analysis is helpful to validate the prediction of an urban area by relativeoperating characteristic (ROC) curve. The CA-Markov chain model was calibrated with data from 1989 to 2019 and used topredict expansions for 2030 and 2040 with two datasets of explanatory variables including slope, forest, river, speciallyprotected areas, road, railroad, and urban centers in an urban and non-urban area. All analyses were based on Landsatimageries (TM, ETM+, and OLI) that were used to derive main land use classes. The results show that the urban, agricultureand mining area were expanded intensively. Forest was decreased in the last few years caused by human influences.Besides, the simulation results were validated by ROC curves with urban suitability analysis. Finally, this kind of study results is very important and useful to land managers and urban planners.

Understanding, analysis, monitoring and modelling of urban expansions are most important for urban planners in the process of sustainable development. This article investigated spatio-temporal process of urban expansion using cellular automata (CA) model integrated with artificial neural network (ANN) method. This integrated model was calibrated with data from 1974 to 2018, and used to predict expansions for 2030 and 2040 with two datasets of explanatory variables including slope, forest, river, specially protected areas, road, railroad and urban centres in an urban and non-urban area. The urban suitable area was estimated by criteria evaluation weights and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results show that the urban growth of Ulaanbaatar was equal to +36,201 ha (84.8%) for the period of 1974–2018 and this city will be projected to reach approximately +43,111 ha by 2030 (+50.3% from 2018) and +111,441 ha by 2040 (+44.3% from 2030 and totally +72.3% from 2018).

Maximal light-use efficiency (LUE), ɛmax, is a measure of the conversion efficiency of the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by plants to net primary productivity (NPP), based on the principle that an optimal plant productive capability exists when the LUE is at its maximum. ɛmax is an important parameter for modelling regional NPP and is conventionally applied at the biome level using a constant value. In this study, we estimated type-specific ɛmax values for three dominant land cover types on the Mongolian Plateau: 0.621 g C MJ–1 (MJ is the mega Joules and 1 MJ = 106 J) for meadow steppe, 0.534 g C MJ–1 for typical steppe, and 0.520 g C MJ–1 for desert steppe. With these steppe-specific modified ɛmax values, we were able to examine changes in NPP for 2001–2015 on the plateau, as well as their likely responses to regional climate change. The use of different ɛmax values for each steppe type improved the accuracy of the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) Biosphere model predictions of grassland NPP by 18.8% (R2 = 0.48 to R2 = 0.57; R2 is the coefficient of determination) over the observation period. Previous studies based on a constant ɛmax (0.541 g C MJ–1) appear to underestimate ɛmax and NPP in meadow steppe, highlighting the importance of setting type-specific ɛmax values for different land cover types in the remote-sensing modelling of grassland NPP. However, more detailed maps of biome sub-classes, with species composition, would be valuable for future attempts to determine appropriate ɛmax values. The growing season (April–October) NPP on the plateau increased significantly from 2001 to 2015, with an annual increment of 4.44 g C m–2 y–1. This trend was strongly governed by the change in summer NPP across the plateau. In comparison, NPP in the spring and autumn did not influence the change in total NPP, which was likely due to their relatively small values. Summer precipitation and the related drought stress were the chief factors responsible for plateau-scale NPP changes, due to the high proportion of summer precipitation and NPP in the annual totals. This may induce important environmental features, such as dzud (a Mongolian term for a severe winter) and desertification on the plateau.

Information of pasture amount is important to help nomadic herders’ management in Mongolia. In this study, combining ground vegetation sampling and in situ spectroradiometer measurements indicated that the green pasture amount can be estimated to a satisfactory level of accuracy using NDVI values. Further study demonstrated that in situ spectral measurements agreed well with high-resolution image data properly corrected for atmospheric attenuation, and cross-validated MODIS NDVI with a corresponding FORMOSAT-2 NDVI dataset (24 by 24 km) in Bornuur district, our test area in north-central Mongolia. Results signaled that correlation coefficient between the corresponding NDVI values to be 1.03 with a R-square 0.53 (n = 9457). After excluding forest cover, which is the only obvious non-pasture land cover in much of Mongolian territory, we estimated that the average pasture amount to be approximately 1.25 ton/ha in Bornuur district (77,087 ha), Tuv Province in the summer 2009.

Information on pasture amounts is important to help nomadic herders’ management in Mongolia. In this study, combining ground vegetation sampling and in situ spectroradiometer measurements indicated that the green pasture amount can be estimated to a satisfactory level of accuracy using NDVI values. Further study demonstrated that in situ spectral measurements agreed well with high-resolution image data properly corrected for atmospheric attenuation, and cross-validated MODIS NDVI with a corresponding FORMOSAT-2 NDVI dataset (24 by 24 km) in Bornuur district, our test area in north-central Mongolia. Results signaled that the correlation coefficient between the corresponding NDVI values to be 1.03 with an R-square 0.53 (n = 9457). After excluding forest cover, which is the only obvious non-pasture land cover in much of Mongolian territory, we estimated that the average pasture amount to be approximately 1.25 ton/ha in Bornuur district (77,087 ha), Tuv Province in summer 2009.

At a time when Ulaanbaatar's population and socio-economic concentration have been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, and there is a risk that the city's land use and urban planning policies will be disrupted and environmental pollution will reach catastrophic levels, there is a scientific basis for decentralization. The need to develop and implement a well-structured policy arises from life. The purpose of this report is to review and interpret specific planning proposals and solutions reflected in previous policy and planning documents to improve the spatial structure of Ulaanbaatar in accordance with the needs of the capital city and the country's socio-economic development.

Urban growth can profoundly change the urban landscape structure, ecosystem processes, and local climates. Timely and accurate information on the status and trends of urban ecosystems is critical factor for sustainable development strategies and it improves the urban residential environment and living quality. In recent years, the migration from rural area to urban is major driver for expansion of Ulaanbaatar and city was urbanized a quite rapidly in the past twenty years. The aggregation of high temperature occurs particularly in the more constructed area as much as evidenced in the city center, meanwhile the reduction and fragmentation of low temperature is even more apparent in suburban areas of city. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is the most significant issue towards urbanization and sustainable development of urban around in the world. This study analyzed the Land Surface Temperature (LST) differences on time series (1995 - 2016) of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and the relationships between LST and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (green spaces in the city) using statistical analysis, such as box-plotting and regression. The analysis basically focused on the relationship between LST and change of green space area influenced by human activities. The analytical methodologies used in this study could help to calculate the urban thermal environmental functions under conditions of urban expansion and explore the local climate change of this city. In addition, the satellite images data based on Landsat time series between 1995 and 2016 were analyzed for change detection mapping. Landsat series images were gathered by thermal mapper (TM), enhanced thermal mapper plus (ETM+) and operational land imager (OLI). The results show that relationships between each impact become an important determinant of changes in the urban thermal environment. Furthermore, seasonal factor significantly impacts to the strength of this relationship and it is being to the highest contribution indices values in summer.

Бүс нутгийн хөгжил нь нийгэм эдийн засгийг бодлогын түвшинд уялдуулж болох чухал асуудлуудын нэг юм. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, бүс нутгуудын тэгш бус хөгжил нь оршин суух, амьдралын стандартад нөлөөлдөг бөгөөд энэ нь тухайн улсын цаашлаад бзс нутгийн тогтвортой хөгжилд сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлдэг. Энэ утгаар БНХАУ “Бүс ба Зам” санаачлагыг дэвшүүлэн Ази болон Еропыг холбосон эдийн засгийн коридорын хөгжүүлэх замаар бүс нутгийн хөгжлийн ялгааг арилгах харилцаа, хамтын ажиллагааг эхлүүлжээ. Үүнд манай улс онц ач холбогдол өгч тэргүүлэх байр суурьтай оролцохыг чухалчилж байна. Энэхүү санаачлага нь хамтын ажиллагааны дараах чиглэлийг дэвшүүлсэн байна. Үүнд: • хөгжлийн бодлогыг зохицуулах, • дэд бүтэц, байгууламжийн сүлжээг бий болгох, • хөрөнгө оруулалт, худалдааны харилцааг бэхжүүлэх, • санхүүгийн хамтын ажиллагааг өргөжүүлж, нийгэм, соёлын солилцоог гүнзгийрүүлэхэд манай хоёр улс эрх тэгш оролцоотойгоор үүрэг хүлээн ажиллаж байна. Иймд эдийн засгийн коридорын дагуух бүс нутгийг хөгжүүлэх явдал нь санаачлагын гол үзэл баримтлал байх бөгөөд манай хоёр улсын эртний уламжлалтай эдийн засаг-худалдаа, соёл-хүмүүнлэгийн харилцан эрх тэгш оролцоог хангасан харилцаанд шинэ эхлэл тавигдсан. Манай улс БНХАУ-тай хил залгаа 4676.8 км нь эдийн засгийн дөрвөн бүс нутгийн 8 аймгийн 39 сумын 450201.65 км2 талбайг хамрах ба энэ бүс нутгийн дэд бүтцийн хөгжлийн нөөц бололцоо, төлөвлөлт, зохион байгуулалтын асуудал нь хоёр орны харилцаа хамтын ажиллагааны хөгжлийн үндсэн суурь юм. Өмнөд хилийн бүс нутгийн нийгэм-эдийн засгийн нөхцөл байдал, хөгжлийн нөөцийн эх үүсвэр болон чадавхийг тодорхойлж, хөрш зэргэлдээ орнуудын хэрэгцээ, хамтын ажиллагааг хөгжүүлэх бодлого, боломжийн талаар энэхүү судалгааны ажлын хүрээнд судлах болно.

The aim of this study is to produce updated forest map of the Bogdkhan Mountain, Mongolia using multitemporal Sentinel-2A images. The target area has highly mixed forest types and it is very difficult to differentiate the fuzzy boundaries among different forest types. To extract the forest class information, an object-based classification technique is applied and a rule-base to separate the mixed classes is developed. The rule-base uses a hierarchy of rules describing different conditions under which the actual classification has to be performed. To compare the result of the developed method with a result of a pixel-based approach, a Bayesian maximum likelihood classification is applied. The final result indicates overall accuracy of 90.87% for the object-based classification, while for the pixel-based approach it is 79.89%. Overall, the research indicates that the object-based method that uses a thoroughly defined segmentation and a well-constructed rule-base can significantly improve the classification of mixed forest types and produce of a reliable forest map.

Understanding, analysis, monitoring, and modelling of urban expansions are most important for land managers and urban planners in the process of sustainable development. According to previous studies, the expansion of cities almost expands rapidly through circle or following the major roads. This paper investigated spatiotemporal process of urban expansion using cellular automata (CA) model integrated with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The integrated CA-ANN model was calibrated with data from 1974 to 2018, and used to predict expansions for the years 2030 and 2040 with two datasets of explanatory variables including slope, forest, river, specially protected areas, road, railroad, and urban centers in an urban and non-urban area. The urban suitable area was estimated by criteria evaluation weights and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The simulation of future urban expansion using integrated CA-ANN model was carried out by Modules for Land Use Change Evaluation (MOLUSCE) plugin of QGIS. A case study was carried out on Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, where was urbanized very rapidly. The results show that the urban growth of Ulaanbaatar was equal to +36,201 ha (84.8%) for the period of 1974-2018 and the city of Ulaanbaatar will be projected to reach approximately +43,111 ha by 2030 (+50.3% from 2018) and +111,441 ha by 2040 (+44.3% from 2030 and totally +72.3% from 2018). Predictions for 2040 show that 20% of the projected urban expansion will occur outside of the boundary set by the urban suitability areas of Ulaanbaatar.

Remote sensing imagery is a rich source of information with applications in varied fields. Monitoring of air pollution is one of them. Aerosols are introduced into the atmosphere from a variety of anthropogenic sources, including transport, industrial activities, coal and biomass burning. Urban air pollution is generally composed of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM) from mineral dust, combustion processes, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides and carbon. The SO2 and nitrogen oxides are precursors that often constitute major fractions of PM2.5 and PM10. Most particulate emissions from combustion sources are PM2.5 mass fractions. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations of particulate matter, and to investigate distribution differences on time series concentrations. The analysis are based on GIS and remote sensing techniques, and ground station data, in area of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The atmospheric reflectance are observed by the satellite and its difference with top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and surface reflectance, which are calculated after atmospheric correction for the same pixel is considered as a measure to estimate PM10. This difference, which is called reflectance is calculated and correlated with the ground station PM10 and PM2.5 values. Regression analysis are calculated relationships between PM10 with band reflectance and measurements of PM10 and PM2.5. Data collection is gathered by Landsat images of Operational Land Imager (OLI), and ground station data with 10 different locations by PM10 and PM2.5, from February 2015 to February 2018. The 30-meter resolution of Landsat satellite image is made that is more suitable for this study. The expected results are presented at the PM2.5 distributions on time series that are important specification of urban air pollution and urban environmental issue.

Land degradation is a serious environmental issue in the world. Both space and ground-based observations could be used to define the land changes and develop the assessment of land degradation. This study assessed land degradation in the Orkhon sub-province, the best representation sample in the prominent agricultural zone of Mongolia, using Landsat Thermal Mapper (TM) and Landsat Operation Land Imager (OLI) satellite images during the periods of 1990, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. The land degradation of a region could be detected by changes in spectral indices and correlation of these indices. The most frequently used spectral indices include Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). These indices were selected as indicators for representing land surface conditions vegetation biomass, landscape pattern, micrometeorology and human activities. The land degradation analysis was described by descriptive statistics, correlation distributions and correlation coefficients of changes in index outputs. In addition, the validations of these indices were also verified by comparing LST and NDWI index values with in-situ, realtime climate data from 1984 to 2010. The Land Degradation Risk Mapping (LDRM) analysis shows that the agricultural and urban areas experienced degradation due to human activities and this has led to decline in the soil moisture in this region.

Land degradation is a serious environmental issue in the world. Both space and ground-based observations could be used to define the land impacts and develop the assessment of degradation. This study assessed land degradation in the Orkhon sub-province, the best representation sample in the prominent agricultural zone of Mongolia, and used Landsat Thermal Mapper (TM) and Landsat Operation Land Imager (OLI) satellite images during the periods of 1990, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. The land degradation of a region could be detected by changes in spectral indices and correlation of these indices. The most frequently used spectral indices include Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). These indices were selected as indicators for representing land surface conditions vegetation biomass, landscape pattern, micrometeorology and human activities. The land degradation analysis were described by descriptive statistics, correlation distributions and correlation coefficients of changes in index outputs. In addition, the validations of these indices were also verified by comparing LST and NDWI index values with in-situ, real-time climate data from 1984 to 2010. The Land Degradation Risk Mapping (LDRM) analysis shows that the agricultural and urban are degraded due to human activity and the soil moisture in this region is therefore declined.

БНХАУ-Монгол улс-ОХУ-ын хамтран байгуулах “Нэг зам –Нэг бүс” санаачлагаар БНХАУ-ын ХайлаарМанжуурын бүс, Монгол улсын Дорнод бүс, ОХУ-ын Өвөр Байгалын бүс нутгууд юм. Энэ бүс нутагт байгаль газарзүйн өвөрмөц онцлог, байгаль, түүх, соёлын дурсгалууд, монгол үндэстний соёл, зан заншлын ялгаатай байдал, нүүдлийн мал аж ахуй сайн хадгалагдаж үлдсэн зэрэг давуу талууд байна. Үүнд тулгуурлан хил дамнасан аялал жуулчлалын“коридор” байгуулж, “Хай-Чи-Чой” гэсэн аялал жуулчлалын цоо шинэ брэнд, түүнд суурилсан олон улсын эдийн засгийн дэд бүс үүсгэх зорилтын хүрээнд “Хай-Чи-Чой олон улсын бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреацийн нөөцийн судалгаа” сэдэвт төслийг ӨМӨЗОны Хөгжил Шинэтгэлийн Судалгааны Төвийн санхүүжилтээр МУИС-ын профессор багш нар 2017 оны 5-р сараас 12-р сарын 15-ны хооронд хийж гүйцэтгэн төслийн эцсийн тайланг бичлээ. “Хай-Чи-Чой олон улсын бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреацийн нөөцийн судалгаа” сэдэвт судалгааны ажлын эцсийн тайлан нь 3 бүлгээс бүрдэж байгаа бөгөөд 1-р бүлэгт Монгол Улсын зүүн бүсэд аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль, нийгэм эдийн засгийн нөхцлийг тодорхойлон бичсэн болно. Тайлангийн 2-р бүлэгт сонгож авсан бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреаци, түүх соёлын нөөцийг тодорхойлон аялал жуулчлалын салбарын өнөөгийн байдалд нөхцөл байдлын /SWOT анализ/дүн шинжилгээ хийн хөгжиж болох аяллын төрлүүдийг тодорхойлсон болно.

БНХАУ-Монгол улс-ОХУ-ын хамтран байгуулах “Нэг зам –Нэг бүс” санаачлагаар БНХАУ-ын ХайлаарМанжуурын бүс, Монгол улсын Дорнод бүс, ОХУ-ын Өвөр Байгалын бүс нутгууд юм. Энэ бүс нутагт байгаль газарзүйн өвөрмөц онцлог, байгаль, түүх, соёлын дурсгалууд, монгол үндэстний соёл, зан заншлын ялгаатай байдал, нүүдлийн мал аж ахуй сайн хадгалагдаж үлдсэн зэрэг давуу талууд байна. Үүнд тулгуурлан хил дамнасан аялал жуулчлалын“коридор” байгуулж, “Хай-Чи-Чой” гэсэн аялал жуулчлалын цоо шинэ брэнд, түүнд суурилсан олон улсын эдийн засгийн дэд бүс үүсгэх зорилтын хүрээнд “Хай-Чи-Чой олон улсын бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреацийн нөөцийн судалгаа” сэдэвт төслийг ӨМӨЗОны Хөгжил Шинэтгэлийн Судалгааны Төвийн санхүүжилтээр МУИС-ын профессор багш нар 2017 оны 5-р сараас 12-р сарын 15-ны хооронд хийж гүйцэтгэн төслийн эцсийн тайланг бичлээ. “Хай-Чи-Чой олон улсын бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреацийн нөөцийн судалгаа” сэдэвт судалгааны ажлын эцсийн тайлан нь 3 бүлгээс бүрдэж байгаа бөгөөд 1-р бүлэгт Монгол Улсын зүүн бүсэд аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль, нийгэм эдийн засгийн нөхцлийг тодорхойлон бичсэн болно. Тайлангийн 2-р бүлэгт сонгож авсан бүс нутагт аялал жуулчлал хөгжүүлэх байгаль-рекреаци, түүх соёлын нөөцийг тодорхойлон аялал жуулчлалын салбарын өнөөгийн байдалд нөхцөл байдлын /SWOT анализ/дүн шинжилгээ хийн хөгжиж болох аяллын төрлүүдийг тодорхойлсон болно. Төслийн тайлан бичих явцдаа тухайн дэд сэдвүүдтэй холбогдох сэдэвчилсэн газрын зургуудыг зохиов.

Cultural heritage links people, places and things from our history to the present and to the future. There are many cultural, archaeological and worship vestiges dated from Paleolithic period through to the Bronze, Iron Ages and the successive historical periods in high mountain area of Mongolia. Last decade witnessed the rapid increase of applying Geographical information system (GIS) to preserve cultural heritage. GIS is mainly used for cultural resource inventory applications, protection planning, impact assessment studies, facilities management and archaeological research applications. This paper attempted at studying the applications of GIS and satellite remote sensing to analyses cultural heritages in height mountain area in Mongolia. The analysis of catchment area for heritage sites has been identified by using GIS and satellite image of Landsat 8. We analyzed 713 sites using geospatial analysis. This includes archaeological sites, deer stone, tomb, stone tools, megaliths carved, stone paintings, rock inscriptions, grave burials, statues, Khunnu tombs, pile of stones, rune scripts, monastery ruins, ceremonial sites and Turkish stone stocks from different scientific sources and papers. 33.4% of all cultural heritage found were tomb burial grounds and only 2 rune scripts. 31% or 221 sites of whole cultural heritage were located in the height of between 2460m to 2630m and only 5% lay higher than 2910m. Most of the tombs were found on the south and southwest aspect of the mountains. While 41 gravel burials were found on the north aspect. The results showed that only 230 sites were located in 12 state protected areas and 483 outside it. On the basis of this analysis, further studies are needed to persuaded the officials in needing to protect the 483 sites that aren’t located in protected areas.

Urban growth can profoundly change the urban landscape structure, ecosystem processes, and local climates. Timely and accurate information on the status and trends of urban ecosystems is critical to develop strategies for sustainable development and to improve the urban residential environment and living quality. Ulaanbaatar city was urbanized very rapidly caused by herders and farmers, most of whom migrate from rural area. Today, 1.3 million residents for about 40% of total population are living in the Ulaanbaatar region. Therefore, human-built more buildings in the urban area make the small local climate in builtup area and different from natural climate conditions. The role of urbanization in the increase and aggregation of high-temperature areas evidenced in the city center, as well as in the reduction and fragmentation of low-temperature areas, as shown in the urban fringe areas. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a most serious issue for urbanization and sustainable development of urban in the world. There are most useful methods of remote sensing and GIS including Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This study analyses the relationship between LST scattering condition and change of green space area caused by human activities. The analytical methodologies in this study are used to quantify urban thermal environmental functions under conditions of urban expansion and explore the climate adaptation potential of a city. It is analyzed in time series between 1994 and 2016, and change detection mapping based on Landsat series images and ground station data of air temperatures. Landsat series images are collected by thermal mapper (TM), enhanced thermal mapper plus (ETM+) and operational land imager (OLI). The results show that relationships between each impact are an important determinant of the urban thermal environment. Furthermore, seasonal variations significantly impact the strength of this relationship. In the study area, the contribution indices were highest in summer time in Mongolia.

APSCO data sharing and service platform system is aimed to collect catalog information of all available remote sensing satellite data of APSCO member states and browse images. Upon completion of collection and filing, storage and management, this system provides inquiring, retrieving, ordering and downloading services of remote sensing satellite data for all APSCO member states and also boasts the supporting capacities of information distribution and data statistics. The APSCO training course on remote sensing application and data sharing service platform was successfully held during 19-23 June, 2017 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The training was jointly organized by the Secretariat of APSCO and National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia. Nearly 40 participants from over 10 different departments of government, institutes universities and companies attended. Participants are mainly focusing on drought and forests and water resource monitoring. They all showed great interest in the DSSP phase II and paid tribute to the work done on it.

Nowadays it is impossible to live another second without space technology and information gathered from space. The rapid pace of the development of satellite wildlife tracking tools has left little time for thorough testing of new equipment and identifying possible sources of technical failures. Remote sensing data are some of the most effective input data for developing country like M ongolia. In particular, multispectral and hyperspectral space - borne and airborne data are widely used to study changes in land use and land cover. Further different natural and anthropogenic processes including fire detection, snow mapping, and grassland / rangeland vulnerability are mapped and evaluated by remote sensing data. This paper describes the current situation concerning the satellite big data in Mongolia. Within the scope of the paper, challenges and solutions related to the satellite big data have been reviewed.

Urban growth can profoundly alter the urban landscape structure, ecosystem processes, and local climates. Timely and accurate information on the status and trends of urban ecosystems is critical to develop strategies for sustainable development and to improve the urban residential environment and living quality. Ulaanbaatar city was urbanized very rapidly caused by herders and farmers, many of them migrating from rural places, have played a big role in this urban expansion (sprawl). Today, 1.3 million residents for about 40% of total population are living in the Ulaanbaatar region. Those human activities influenced stronger to green environments. Therefore, the aim of this study is determined to change detection of land use/land cover (LULC) and estimating their areas for the trend of future by remote sensing and statistical methods. The implications of analysis were provided by change detection methods of LULC, remote sensing spectral indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). In addition, it can relate to urban heat island (UHI) provided by Land surface temperature (LST) with local climate issues. Statistical methods for image processing used to define relations between those spectral indices and change detection images and regression analysis for time series trend in future. Remote sensing data are used by Landsat (TM/ETM+/OLI) satellite images over the period between 1990 and 2016 by 5 years. The advantages of this study are very useful remote sensing approaches with statistical analysis and important to detecting changes of LULC. The experimental results show that the LULC changes can image on the present and after few years and determined relations between impacts of environmental conditions.

Бэлчээрийн ургац нь бэлчээрийн нөөц, бэлчээрийн даац болон багтаамжийг тодорхойлох, газрын доройтлыг үнэлэх хамгийн чухал үзүүлэлтийн нэг бөгөөд тэдгээр мэдээлэлд тулгуурлан бэлчээрийн менежментийг зөв зохистой явуулдаг. Энэхүү судалгааны ажлын гол зорилго нь Төв аймгийн Борнуур сумын бэлчээрийн ургацын динамик шинжилгээ хийхэд оршино.

According to the “Unified land fund”/classified land resource/, total of 87 percent land belong to the pasture land in Mongolia. Traditionally, the country’s pasture land is only used in public and all herder households have their own shift schedule of winter, spring, summer and autumn stays. But this situation is sharply changed in last 30 years and most of herders stay in single place throughout year. This paper explores the some negative results of single stay of pastureland use. In the literature Russian researchers such as Simukov.A.D, Trofimov.T, Denisov.N.I and Shuljenco.I.F had studied on pastureland use of animal husbandry of Mongolia in 1930. During this time, the route of herder’s migration was illustrated by handwritten schemes due to unless of specific topography maps and equipment of geographical positioning system. After 1980’s Mongolian researchers of Bazargur.D, Chinbat.B and Shiirev-Adiya.S have carried on research of pastureland use of Mongolian herders using a contemporary geographical methods. The research conducted on pastureland use mapping by aero-photogrammetry and image processing. Eastern scholar of Russia, professor Gravironski.B.B noted that this investigation is played significant role in the world nomadic study. The paper indicates that how recent herders’ pastureland use research is integrated to a diverse GPS’s, high resolution of digital maps and various GIS software. The precise investigation of Mongolian pastureland use will define a natural phytogenetics, phytalbumin, nutrients, and water ingredients in pastureland animal husbandry. The result of this research will help to provide consumers by necessary information of livestock products.

Tourism and political boundaries has been in the attention of academics recently, however border itself attracts considerable interest in the past. Border areas are often the most favored regions for biodiversity, partially as a result of their geographical isolation or political factors impeding their development. Sharing natural areas between two countries includes not only sharing common natural and economic resources, but potential for regional tourism development. This paper examines the current development of border tourism between Russia and Mongolia, characteristics of border tourists from Russia to Mongolia and Mongolians tourists to Russia. Traditionally the border crossing between Mongolia and Russia had a restrict control and protection, which make it hard to crossing them. Borders determine the nature of the tourist space and its elements that will develop in frontier regions. In addition, borders compose spatial barriers for tourism development and movement. However, border often coincide with valuable natural landscapes, and significant historical and cultural attractions, that possess high tourism potentials. Cross border tourism provides the best opportunity to enhance the regions prosperity and security. This paper further studies elements of tourist patterns of border adjacent areas in Mongolia and current characteristics of the border tourists. The focus is on some of the most important challenges lying ahead in terms of developing and marketing cross border region between Russia and Mongolia as a destination.

This research conducts with the development of economic corridor between Khailaar-Choibalsan-Chita cities of 3 countries under the “One belt, one road” project. The paper introduces some circumstances to develop tourism in the Eastern part of Mongolia. 1. Geographical and recreational condition The Eastern part of Mongolia locates in the physical geographical regions of Khentii mountains taiga which is south part of Sibirian taiga, the Onon, Ulz river basin, the Eastern steppe of Mongolia, the Kherlen river valley and the Dariguang plateaus. (Sh. Tsegmid.1989).In these regions, there are appeared different types of natural zones, including high mountainous of southern taiga, forest steppe, meadow grasslands, dry steppe and desert steppe. Also, the natural beauty and virginity of the region has been relatively well preserved. This geographical region has many local and national protected area networks as well as international protected areas which registered in the World heritage of UNESCO and International Conservation Convention. 2. Historical and archаecological condition The Eastern part of Mongolia is very popular with geographical and archaeological sites,monuments, tombs, ancient crave mounds, and some areas related with Mongolian history. This area closely related with the homeland of the Mongol Empire and the historical events which is mentioned in the Mongolian Secret History during the XII-XIII century. (Ts.Damdinsuren and D.Bazargur, 2007)3. Traditional Mongolian culture and custom The lifestyle of the local people, pastoral farming methods, way of using pasture land, and cultural heritages are well preserved in the Eastern region of Mongolia including Khentii, Dornod and Sukhbaatar aimags. Those aimags have some Mongolian ethnic group of buryat, barga and uzemchin which still those minorities keep their own unique culture. 4. Needs of Trans-border tourism The Eastern region of Mongolia borders with the Buryatia Republic of Russia and Khulenbuir, Khyangan and Shiliin Gol aimags of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. These neighboring two countries are becoming a fast-growing tourist destination of Asia-Europe and Russia and China. Recently, the number of tourists to this area has increased dramatically. The above-mentioned geography, history, culture and traditional customs, and tourism needs of region are demonstrated to develop the infrastructure and tourism sector in the Eastern region of Mongolia

Tourism and political boundaries has been in the attention of academics recently, however border itself attracts considerable interest in the past. Border areas are often the most favored regions for biodiversity, partially as a result of their geographical isolation or political factors impeding their development. Sharing natural areas between two countries includes not only sharing common natural and economic resources, but potential for regional tourism development. This paper examines the current development of border tourism between Russia and Mongolia, characteristics of border tourists from Russia to Mongolia and Mongolians tourists to Russia. Traditionally the border crossing between Mongolia and Russia had a restrict control and protection, which make it hard to crossing them. Borders determine the nature of the tourist space and its elements that will develop in frontier regions. In addition, borders compose spatial barriers for tourism development and movement. However, border often coincide with valuable natural landscapes, and significant historical and cultural attractions, that possess high tourism potentials. Cross border tourism provides the best opportunity to enhance the regions prosperity and security. This paper further studies elements of tourist patterns of border adjacent areas in Mongolia and current characteristics of the border tourists. The focus is on some of the most important challenges lying ahead in terms of developing and marketing cross border region between Russia and Mongolia as a destination

This research conducts with the development of economic corridor between Khailaar-Choibalsan-Chita cities of 3 countries under the “One belt, one road” project. The paper introduces some circumstances to develop tourism in the Eastern part of Mongolia. 1. Geographical and recreational condition The Eastern part of Mongolia locates in the physical geographical regions of Khentii mountains taiga which is south part of Sibirian taiga, the Onon, Ulz river basin, the Eastern steppe of Mongolia, the Kherlen river valley and the Dariguang plateaus. (Sh. Tsegmid.1989).In these regions, there are appeared different types of natural zones, including high mountainous of southern taiga, forest steppe, meadow grasslands, dry steppe and desert steppe. Also, the natural beauty and virginity of the region has been relatively well preserved. This geographical region has many local and national protected area networks as well as international protected areas which registered in the World heritage of UNESCO and International Conservation Convention. 2. Historical and archаecological condition The Eastern part of Mongolia is very popular with geographical and archaeological sites,monuments, tombs, ancient crave mounds, and some areas related with Mongolian history. This area closely related with the homeland of the Mongol Empire and the historical events which is mentioned in the Mongolian Secret History during the XII-XIII century. (Ts.Damdinsuren and D.Bazargur, 2007)3. Traditional Mongolian culture and custom The lifestyle of the local people, pastoral farming methods, way of using pasture land, and cultural heritages are well preserved in the Eastern region of Mongolia including Khentii, Dornod and Sukhbaatar aimags. Those aimags have some Mongolian ethnic group of buryat, barga and uzemchin which still those minorities keep their own unique culture. 4. Needs of Trans-border tourism The Eastern region of Mongolia borders with the Buryatia Republic of Russia and Khulenbuir, Khyangan and Shiliin Gol aimags of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. These neighboring two countries are becoming a fast-growing tourist destination of Asia-Europe and Russia and China. Recently, the number of tourists to this area has increased dramatically. The above-mentioned geography, history, culture and traditional customs, and tourism needs of region are demonstrated to develop the infrastructure and tourism sector in the Eastern region of Mongolia

Tourism and political boundaries has been in the attention of academics recently, however border itself attracts considerable interest in the past. Border areas are often the most favored regions for biodiversity, partially as a result of their geographical isolation or political factors impeding their development. Sharing natural areas between two countries includes not only sharing common natural and economic resources, but potential for regional tourism development. This paper examines the current development of border tourism between Russia and Mongolia, characteristics of border tourists from Russia to Mongolia and Mongolians tourists to Russia. Traditionally the border crossing between Mongolia and Russia had a restrict control and protection, which make it hard to crossing them. Borders determine the nature of the tourist space and its elements that will develop in frontier regions. In addition, borders compose spatial barriers for tourism development and movement. However, border often coincide with valuable natural landscapes, and significant historical and cultural attractions, that possess high tourism potentials. Cross border tourism provides the best opportunity to enhance the regions prosperity and security. This paper further studies elements of tourist patterns of border adjacent areas in Mongolia and current characteristics of the border tourists. The focus is on some of the most important challenges lying ahead in terms of developing and marketing cross border region between Russia and Mongolia as a destination.

According to the “Unified land fund”/classified land resource/, total of 87 percent land belong to the pasture land in Mongolia. Traditionally, the country’s pasture land is only used in public and all herder households have their own shift schedule of winter, spring, summer and autumn stays. But this situation is sharply changed in last 30 years and most of herders stay in single place throughout year. This paper explores the some negative results of single stay of pastureland use. In the literature Russian researchers such as Simukov.A.D, Trofimov.T, Denisov.N.I and Shuljenco.I.F had studied on pastureland use of animal husbandry of Mongolia in 1930. During this time, the route of herder’s migration was illustrated by handwritten schemes due to unless of specific topography maps and equipment of geographical positioning system. After 1980’s Mongolian researchers of Bazargur.D, Chinbat.B and Shiirev-Adiya.S have carried on research of pastureland use of Mongolian herders using a contemporary geographical methods. The research conducted on pastureland use mapping by aero-photogrammetry and image processing. Eastern scholar of Russia, professor Gravironski.B.B noted that this investigation is played significant role in the world nomadic study. The paper indicates that how recent herders’ pastureland use research is integrated to a diverse GPS’s, high resolution of digital maps and various GIS software. The precise investigation of Mongolian pastureland use will define a natural phytogenetics, phytalbumin, nutrients, and water ingredients in pastureland animal husbandry. The result of this research will help to provide consumers by necessary information of livestock products.

Urban growth can profoundly alter the urban landscape structure, ecosystem processes, and local climates. Timely and accurate information on the status and trends of urban ecosystems is critical to develop strategies for sustainable development and to improve the urban residential environment and living quality. Ulaanbaatar city was urbanized very rapidly caused by herders and farmers, many of them migrating from rural places, have played a big role in this urban expansion (sprawl). Today, 1.3 million residents for about 40% of total population are living in the Ulaanbaatar region. Those human activities influenced stronger to green environments. Therefore, the aim of this study is determined to change detection of land use/land cover (LULC) and estimating their areas for the trend of future by remote sensing and statistical methods. The implications of analysis were provided by change detection methods of LULC, remote sensing spectral indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). In addition, it can relate to urban heat island (UHI) provided by Land surface temperature (LST) with local climate issues. Statistical methods for image processing used to define relations between those spectral indices and change detection images and regression analysis for time series trend in future. Remote sensing data are used by Landsat (TM/ETM+/OLI) satellite images over the period between 1990 and 2016 by 5 years. The advantages of this study are very useful remote sensing approaches with statistical analysis and important to detecting changes of LULC. The experimental results show that the LULC changes can image on the present and after few years and determined relations between impacts of environmental conditions.

Urban growth can profoundly alter the urban landscape structure, ecosystem processes, and local climates. Timely and accurate information on the status and trends of urban ecosystems is critical to develop strategies for sustainable development and to improve the urban residential environment and living quality. Ulaanbaatar city was urbanized very rapidly caused by herders and farmers, many of them migrating from rural places, have played a big role in this urban expansion (sprawl). Today, 1.3 million residents for about 40% of total population are living in the Ulaanbaatar region. Those human activities influenced stronger to green environments. Therefore, the aim of this study is determined to change detection of land use/land cover (LULC) and estimating their areas for the trend of future by remote sensing and statistical methods. The implications of analysis were provided by change detection methods of LULC, remote sensing spectral indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). In addition, it can relate to urban heat island (UHI) provided by Land surface temperature (LST) with local climate issues. Statistical methods for image processing used to define relations between those spectral indices and change detection images and regression analysis for time series trend in future. Remote sensing data are used by Landsat (TM/ETM+/OLI) satellite images over the period between 1990 and 2016 by 5 years. The advantages of this study are very useful remote sensing approaches with statistical analysis and important to detecting changes of LULC. The experimental results show that the LULC changes can image on the present and after few years and determined relations between impacts of environmental conditions.

Геодүрслэлийн зураглал хэмээх салбар нь газарзүйн мэдээллийн систем (ГМС) болон мэдээллийн бааз, компьютерийн техник технологид тулгуурласан автоматаар байрзүйн болон төрөл бүрийн сэдэвчилсэн зураг зохиох чиглэлээр илүү түлхүү хөгжиж байгаа шинэ салбар юм. Энэхүү салбар нь мэдээллийн эрин зууны нэг томоохон ололт болсон интернэтээр дамжуулан бодит цаг хугацааны төрөл бүрийн мэдээллийг түргэн шуурхай, байгаль ээлтэй, чанарын өндөр түвшинд дамжуулдагаараа давуу. Интернэт орчинд тохирсон геодүрслэл, мультимеди, хөдөлгөөнт зураглал өнөө үед эрчимтэй хэрэглэгдэж байгаа ба хэрэглэгчдийн өдөр тутмын практик хэрэгцээнд геодүрслэлүүд өргөнөөр нэвтэрч байна. Уг судалгааны ажлаараа Улаанбаатар хотын нийтийн тээврийн 2017 оны 3 сарын 5-ны өдрийн зорчигчдын урсгалын ачааллын мэдээлэл болон урсгалын хугацааны мэдээлэл дээр үндэслэн мультимедиа зураглал хийсэн ба уг зураглалыг хийхийн тулд оронзайн болон оронзайн бус мэдээллийг хөрвүүлэн тоон хэлбэрт шилжүүлэн мультимедиа, хөдөлгөөнт зураглалын загварчлалын аргийг ашиглан хийж гүйцэтгэх юм.

Using unnamed aircraft vehicle (UAV) during cleanup operations after natural disasters have already become a reality in over 30 developed nations/countries. Even thou it has been 20 years since the use of UAV has become worldwide, this technology has only entered our nation in 2006. Due to not having manuals or professionals, this field of technology has been in stuck in a research level. In this research, a small area in 7 buudal of Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar was mapped based on experience from foreign nations to study the possibilities in mapping natural disaster zones using UAV.

Using unnamed aircraft vehicle (UAV) during cleanup operations after natural disasters have already become a reality in over 30 developed nations/countries. Even thou it has been 20 years since the use of UAV has become worldwide, this technology has only entered our nation in 2006. Due to not having manuals or professionals, this field of technology has been in stuck in a research level. In this research, a small area in 7 buudal of Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar was mapped based on experience from foreign nations to study the possibilities in mapping natural disaster zones using UAV.

The occurrence of unfelt seismic activity around Ulaanbaatar City has been increasing since 2005, and particularly since 2009, to the extent that the Capital Area of Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by four faults that can produce earthquakes of a magnitude of 7 on the Richter Scale (M7). Based on a 2000 simulation, the National Academy of Mongolia estimated that 300 buildings and 60,000 residents would be affected, if a M7 earthquake were to strike Ulaanbaatar City. In the first three months of 2015, a total of 328 earthquakes were recorded, with 188 in the Emeelt area. Since 2015, a new earthquake swarm has been observed near the Gunt area, north of Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolia is a seismically active country with strong events exceeding M=6.0 occurring each year. The strongest seismicity is connected with Mongolian Gobi Altai mountain range, with was formed during the Indian-Eurasian Lithospheric plates collision (e.g. Tapponnier & Molnar 1979). Seismicity in Mongolia is also connected with Sibirian Lake Baikal rift system which continues south to the Mongolia region-a deep rift valley now filled with Lake Khovsgol in Northern Mongolia. Much of the territory of Mongolia is located in highly seismic areas of Central-Asian seismic belt and is subjected to frequent and large earthquakes. Its western half is particularly seismically dangerous. Only in twentieth century more than 60 earthquakes with M>5.5 (7 to 11-12 - intensity) occurred here, among which tens of earthquakes were responsible for severe destruction of the earth surface. Four earthquakes have been recorded in Mongolia since 1906 in the range of M7.4 to M8.1. A cluster of exceptionally large earthquakes in the interior of Asia occurred from 1905 to 1967: the 1905 M7.9 Tsetserleg and M8.4 Bolnai earthquakes, the 1931 M8.0 Fu Yun earthquake, the 1957 M8.1 Gobi-Altai earthquake, and the 1967 M7.1 Mogod earthquake (sequence). Each of the larger (M8) earthquakes involved strike-slip faulting averaging more than 5 m and rupture lengths of several hundred kilometers (Walker et al. 2008).

Mongolia is a very special country; it has a total land area of 1,564 million sq. km and a population of 3 million people (NSO, 2015). These physical, social and economic conditions in contrasting human habitats are sharpened by strong cultural identities which define Mongolians’ rapidly changing requirements for productive livelihoods, human security and physical protection from disaster risks. The country is exposed to several types of serious natural hazards. Parts of the country and particularly the densely populated capital area are subject to potentially severe seismic activity. The periodic and particularly severe Mongolian dzud is a natural hazard that combines extreme weather conditions which decimate herds which are already weakened by summer drought conditions. Droughts, floods (in urban and rural areas), steppe and forest wildfire, storms and agricultural vermin are other hazards that combine climatic effects, changing environmental conditions, and increasingly challenging economic conditions that characterize a perilous hazard- scape in Mongolia. Therefore, different time series satellite data from different source are very important for monitoring, management and research.

This study aims to assess the needs for each target groups in order to strengthen the relevant stakeholders (national, aimag and soum levels), including public sector organisations, community-based organisations, civil society organization, environmental consulting firms, mining companies, as well as herders and local communities; by enhancing their awareness and knowledge of incorporated offsetting of the land degradation, mitigating of the biodiversity hierarchy in Western Mongolia. During this study, applicable laws and environmental safety standards, procedures, guidelines, norms regulating environmental issues of Mongolia implemented syllabuses of environmental programs in Mongolian universities, furthermore, reports from Mongolian and international organizations regarding the land degradation and biodiversity issue had been reviewed and analyzed individually. In several selected soums of Western Mongolia field study has been executed as interviews and evaluated by scorecard. As a result, training syllabus for target groups which are local (for herders and local communities) and national (environmental specialists) levels, and communication plan is being implemented.

This study aims to assess the needs for each target groups in order to strengthen the relevant stakeholders (national, aimag and soum levels), including public sector organisations, community-based organisations, civil society organization, environmental consulting firms, mining companies, as well as herders and local communities; by enhancing their awareness and knowledge of incorporated offsetting of the land degradation, mitigating of the biodiversity hierarchy in Western Mongolia. During this study, applicable laws and environmental safety standards, procedures, guidelines, norms regulating environmental issues of Mongolia implemented syllabuses of environmental programs in Mongolian universities, furthermore, reports from Mongolian and international organizations regarding the land degradation and biodiversity issue had been reviewed and analyzed individually. In several selected soums of Western Mongolia field study has been executed as interviews and evaluated by scorecard. As a result, training syllabus for target groups which are local (for herders and local communities) and national (environmental specialists) levels, and communication plan is being implemented.

Mongolia is a very special country; it has a total land area of 1,564 million sq. km and a population of 3 million people (NSO, 2015). These physical, social and economic conditions in contrasting human habitats are sharpened by strong cultural identities which define Mongolians’ rapidly changing requirements for productive livelihoods, human security and physical protection from disaster risks. The country is exposed to several types of serious natural hazards. Parts of the country and particularly the densely populated capital area are subject to potentially severe seismic activity. The periodic and particularly severe Mongolian dzud is a natural hazard that combines extreme weather conditions which decimate herds which are already weakened by summer drought conditions. Droughts, floods (in urban and rural areas), steppe and forest wildfire, storms and agricultural vermin are other hazards that combine climatic effects, changing environmental conditions, and increasingly challenging economic conditions that characterize a perilous hazard-scape in Mongolia. Therefore, different time series satellite data from different source are very important for monitoring, management and research. The drought estimation methodology using long term NDVI data was developed in 2005 (M.Bayasgalan, 2005) and this technology was upgraded and applied by MODIS data. Wildfires can result in significant, long-lasting impacts to ecological, social, and economic systems. The objectives of this study were to generate fire risk assessment in order to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of wildland fires and drought in the eastern Mongolia. The research is focused on mapping the land cover types in the study area, identify developing a fire risk and drought model to identify fire prone areas using parameters such as grassland cover types, topography, road network, habitation, rivers and weather parameters. The locations of the wildfires have been registered by National Emergency Management Agency from 2000 to 2015, to map wildfire occurring pattern in the study area. In Mongolia, the temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Celsius, and springtime precipitation has fallen by 17% over the last 60 years. One peak is from March to mid-June which accounts for 80% of all fires, while the other peak is from September to October which accounts for 5% of all fires.

From any point of definition economic corridor is indefinitely linked to the economic development of territory and spatial organizational issues. Therefore, most scientist and researches that have cautiously concerned in the in terms of spatial capacity and defined the economic corridor as integrated networks of infrastructure, transportation within geographical area or territory has designed to simulate economic development of any country and regions. In the recent years, numbers of nations are widely using the form of the spatial organization constructing an economic corridor to develop their nations and regions.

From any point of definition economic corridor is indefinitely linked to the economic development of territory and spatial organizational issues. Therefore, most scientist and researchers that have cautiously concerned in the in terms of spatial capacity and defined the economic corridor as integrated networks of infrastructure, transportation within a geographical area or territory has designed to stimulate economic development of any country and regions. In the recent years, numbers of nations are widely using the form of the spatial organization constructing an economic corridor to develop their nations and regions. In certain spatial construction, China, Mongolia, and Russia’s economic corridor creation issue is a multi- beneficial condition for the Mongolian economic development. When successfully implemented, economic corridor can be developed and can enhance the construction within the three mentioned countries. The aim of this paper is trying to explore the developing factors and natural, economic conditions for the economic corridor specifically the most appropriate area of Mongolia.

When our country that is Mongolia got to market system, the population movement directed from country side to urban area aggressively. The urbanization percent have been counted by 67%. The 76 percent of total population live in capital city, center of provinces /aimag/ and center of sub-provinces /soum/ in Mongolia. The 44 percent of population, 70 percent of companies and organizations and the producing 60 percent of Gross Domestic Product /GDP/ located to the only Ulaanbaatar city in Mongolia. The executing approaches and direct trends of them which are policy, tasks, and issues of Mongolian development are most important now. The definition of Ulaanbaatar and other four socio-economic zones set up the role of concepts and strategies of regional development. But, they missed some issues of definition criterions of socio-economic zones, local zonation and the relationship to urban area and other zones. When we plan and develop the urban area, it requires to define the gravity and influencing zones based on the structures of group city settlements, the direct trends of regional zones, and urban-zones principles. Therefore, the goal of this research project is trying to define using modern high technology. A geo-environmental evaluation for socio-economic zones and urban land-use planning often requires a large amount of spatial information. Geographic information systems (GIS) are capable of managing large amounts of spatially related information, providing the ability to integrate multiple layers of information and to derive additional information.

Abstract When our country that is Mongolia got to market system, the population movement directed from country side to urban area aggressively. The urbanization percent have been counted by 67%. The 76 percent of total population live in capital city, center of provinces /aimag/ and center of sub-provinces /soum/ in Mongolia. The 44 percent of population, 70 percent of companies and organizations and the producing 60 percent of Gross Domestic Product /GDP/ located to the only Ulaanbaatar city in Mongolia. The executing approaches and direct trends of them which are policy, tasks, and issues of Mongolian development are most important now. The definition of Ulaanbaatar and other four socio-economic zones set up the role of concepts and strategies of regional development. But, they missed some issues of definition criterions of socio-economic zones, local zonation and the relationship to urban area and other zones. When we plan and develop the urban area, it requires to define the gravity and influencing zones based on the structures of group city settlements, the direct trends of regional zones, and urban-zones principles. Therefore, the goal of this research project is trying to define using modern high technology. A geo-environmental evaluation for socio-economic zones and urban land-use planning often requires a large amount of spatial information. Geographic information systems (GIS) are capable of managing large amounts of spatially related information, providing the ability to integrate multiple layers of information and to derive additional information.

Орон зайн мэдээ нь байгалийн иөоцийп үнэлгээ, түүний зохисгой атиглалт, байгаль орчны толөвлөлт, нохон сэргээлт, ашигт малтмал)>ш болон хүас, хөдөө аж ахуйн бүтээглэхүүний тархалг, газрьш гадаргын өорчлолт, газрын кадастр, дэд бүтцийн мониторинг зэрзг б\?хий л салбарг ергөноөр ашнглагдах болсон. Одоогоор байдлаар бараг бүх байгууллагууд харилцан адилгүй гүвшинд байгуулаад байна. Мэдээллийн санг оөр өөр эх сурвалж, солбицольш систем ашиглан байгуулж, егогдлийг тоон хэлбэрг шилжүүлэхдээ янз бүрийи нарийвчлалтайгаар торол бүрийн программ хапгамж ашиглан хөрвүүлэгдсэп байна. Иймээс эдгээр мэдээллийп сангийн вгогдлүүл өор хоорондоо ч-охирохгүйн улмаас мэдээллээ солилцох хамтран ажиллахад бэрхшээлтэй байпа. Монгол улсын хэмжээнд орон зайн мэдээллийн дэд бүтэц байгуулах замаар эдгээр асуудлуудыг шийдвэрлэх нь зүйтэй.

Хүн амьн угсаатны бүтэц, түүний өөрчлөлт, байршлын асуудал хүн амын газарзүйд томоохон байр суурь эзэлдэг. Түүнийг судалж мэдэх нь судалгааны төдийгүй, практикийн чпгхал ач холбогдолтөй байдаг. Төрийн байгууллагаас өөрийн аймгийн хүн ам, угсаатны ®|тшшн талаар ямар бодлого баримтлахаас улс төр, нийгэм эдийн засгийн өлон асуудал ■пшдэгдэнэ. Тийм ч учраас бид Монгол улсын улсын хэмжээн дээр хамгийн олон ястантай Ховд аймгийг сонгож авсан юм. Бид өмнө нь Ховд аймгийн хүн амын газарзүйн асуудлаар судалгаа хийж бичиж хэвлүүлж байсан өгүүлэлдээ хүн амын өсөлт, ердийн ба механик хөдөлгөөний динамик үзүүлэлтүүд, түүний хэтийн төлөвийн талаар хөндөж байсан бол энэ удаа зевхөн угсаатны бүтэц, тууний өсөлт бууралт. байршлын асуудлыг авч үзлээ..

The land use zones regulation determines the area, category, lot coverage, floor area ratio, and the building coverage ratio. Detailed subjects such as allowable use of buildings; specific method of height calculation; reduction of the floor area ratio at location where roads adjacent to the lot are narrow; and others are all determined by the provisions in the Building Standard (SNiP). Such regulatory standards are stipulated not in the Mongolian Urban Development Law but in the Building Standard (SNiP), because the characteristics of the regulation are considered as the minimum requirements relating to nuisance.

As Mongolia moves to a market economy and begins to encourage land ownership and the creation of private land and housing markets, it will need to revise its approach to the spatial planning and control of land uses and development by individuals and businesses. Designed for a regime of exclusive state ownership of land, the existing “target use” restrictions for individual parcels as shown in the detailed Master Plans hinders the exercise of market-driven choices by individuals and businesses wishing to put land and infrastructure to their most productive uses

Хүн амын угсаатны бүтэц, түүний өөрчлөлт, байршлын асуудал хүн амын газарзүйд томоохон байр суурь эзэлдэг. Түүнийг судалж мэдэх пь судалгааны төдийгүй. практикийн чухал ач холбогдолтой байдаг. Төрийн байгууллагаас өөрийн аймгийн хүн ам, угсаатны бүтцийн талаар ямар бодлого баримтлахаас улс тор, нийгэм эдийн засгийн олон асуудал шийдэгдэнэ. Тийм ч учраас бид Монгол улсын хэмжээн дээр хамгийн олон ястантай Ховд аймгийг сонгож авсан юм. Бид өмнө нь Ховд аймгийн хүн амын газарзүйн асуудлаар судалгаа хийж бичиж хэвлүүлж байсаи өгүүлэлдээ хүн амын өсөлт, ердийн ба мсханик хөдөлгөөний динамик үзүүлэлтүүд, түүний хэтийн төлөвийн талаар хөндөж байсан бол энэ удаа зөвхөн угсаатныы бүтэц, түүний өсөлт бууралт. байршлын асууллыг авч үзлээ.

Abstract The present paper used satellite imagery of an area in West Mongolia to extract spatial Informations by digital image processing techniques to demonstrate geological, geomorphoiogicai and vegetation features. We have made use of some digital image processing techiques such as radiometric, geometric correction together with DEM and Ortho-image generation to acquire the desirea concrete thematic informations from satellite imagery. In this study, we have used ASTER image to map the main structural elements of the Darvi mountain range in western Mongolia. ASTER data is available for peaceful purposes to all users and is available for the designated users at the lowest possible cost for non¬commercial use, which is high spatial and spectral resolution has many advantages of detecting and monitoring natural resources. Keywords ASTER image, Image processing, DEM extraction,

The present paper used satellite imagery of an area in West Mongolia to extract spatial information by digital image processing techniques to demonstrate geological geomorphological! and vegetation features. We have made use of some digital image processing techniques such as radiometric, geometric correction together with DEM and Ortho-image generation to acquire the desired concrete thematic information from satellite imagery. In this study, we have used ASTER image to map the main structural elements of the Darvi mountain range in western Mongolia. ASTER data is available for peaceful purposes to all users and its available for the designated users at the lowest possible cost for non¬commercial use, which is high spatial and spectral resolution has many advantages of detecting and monitoring natural resources.