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The subject that I would like to discuss relates to the Ismāʿīlī history of the period of the Mongol incursions in 1256. This article deals with three topics: the Mongols and their invasions of Alamut; Mongol-Ismāʿīlī relations before and after the invasions; and issues relating to the death of the Ismāʿīlī leader allegedly at the hands of the Mongols. The Mongol conquest of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs’ strongholds has been described as “the single-most disastrous event in their history”, putting an end to the political aspirations and prominence of the Ismāʿīlīs in the region; however, my argument lies in the pragmatic attitudes of the Ismāʿīlīs, who were allies of the Mongols at the beginning of their relationship. This paper also discusses issues relating to the death of Ismāʿīlī Imam Rukn al-Dīn, disputing the commonly accepted view of his murder.
Abstract: Objective: The Mongol maritime issue covers not only South-East Asia but also the Black Sea region and the Byzantium borders that stretched up to the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea commerce attracted the Mongols, especially a slave trade that subsequently changed the political balance in the Middle and Near East. Materials: In this paper, I would address this region and the slave trade that involved many political parties of the region. The primary sources and archival documents of various content reveal that the multiparty relations between the Mongols of the Golden Horde, Byzantium and Egypt involved the captives that were taken in the Black Sea region and enslaved in the Mediterranean. Results and novelty of research: Unlike the slaves of the late medieval period, the teenage boys sold to Cairo in the 13th–14th century became military masters who achieved political power in the Near East. This action characterizes not only the dynamism of the region but also a phenomenon that formed a new statehood of the slaves known as the Mamluks. In fact, the replacement of a Mongol nomad element by Qipchaq nomad element in the Middle and Near East was a phenomenon not only for changing the supremacy but also for demographic and economic growth in the region.
Armenian Historian Kirakos Gandzakets‘i was captured by Mongol Noyan Molar during the first wave of Mongol conquest of the Caucasus. He was in captivity for about a year. This gave him a certain understanding of the history and religion of the Mongols as well as some knowledge of Mongolian. On Molar’s orders, Kirakos was taken to serve the Mongols’ secretarial needs, writing, and reading letters. In this paper, I argue that the Armenian source of Kirakos Gandzakets‘i is a first-hand history on the early Mongols in the Caucasus, and the Mongolian vocabulary that Kirakos gives in his work ranks among the earliest Mongolian glossaries in non-Mongol sources.
The establishment of military and administrative institution that was called darughachi is one of the impacts of Mongol transformation throughout the Mongol empire. Along with devastation, depopulation and ravages, Chinggis Khan has shaped the governance of the emerging empire. The governors known as darughachis were the basis to transfer a military apparatus into a civil authority.
The extensive use of regional and foreign ties and resources is expressive of unique, multicultural social aspects of the Mongol Empire. Along with aspects of material culture, there was a broad transmission of knowledge and intellectual culture among the various inhabitants of Empire. Included were such things as language, and history and literature, as well as agriculture, construction techniques, medicine, food, etc.
The subject that I would like to discuss relates to the Ismā‛īlī history of the period of Mongol incursions in 1256. This article deals with two topics: the Mongol-Ismā‛īlī relationship; and the issues of the death of Ismā‛īlī leader at the hands of the Mongols.
Ахмад Тэгүдэрийн төр барьсан цөөн жилд төрийн хийгээд шашны аливаа нэгэн зөрчил гараагүй, дайн самуун дэгдээгүй, худалдаа арилжааг тэтгэсээр байжээ. Тэр бээр худалдаачид бол улсын үндэс суурь хэмээн магтсан байдаг. Хамгийн онцлох зүйл бол Мамлюкийн султанд хоёр удаа захидал бичиж элч илгээсэн боловч Ил-хаант улсыг Султант улс болгох гэсэн түүний оролдлогыг алтан ургийнхны дэмжээгүйн улмаас өөрт нь тус нэмэр үл болжээ.
The reaction of Armenian lords to a new reality of Mongol presence in their lands can serve as a distinctive pattern of submission within Mongol Empire. In this paper it is aimed to introduce the decision of the Greater Armenian lords who dealt with the invaders’ pressure by taking individual approaches and responsibilities. With regard to this, it is worth stressing that these individual submissions were made timely, before the Mongols devastated the whole country. As a result, the Armenians used the Mongol power, which guaranteed the Armenians not only security in their own lands, but also an extension of their patrimony by removing their local opponents from the political arena. In the long run, this policy of the local princes suited the Mongols as well. They preferred to have their own suzerainty over the Armenians and to see the Armenian lords attached to them rather than to the Georgian court, ensuring that the Georgio-Armenian lords were more disunited. Moreover, the Armenian Church supported the collaboration of the Armenian lords with the Mongols. According to the contemporary Armenian historians, the Mongols employed the monks and lords of Greater Armenia as their diplomats and secretaries.
Дундад зууны түүхэн сурвалжийн дотор Агиографи хэмээх төрөл зүйл чухал байр эзэлдэг. Учир нь шашны зүтгэлтнүүдийн намтрын сацуу орон нутгийн түүх хийгээд засаг захиргааны үйл ажиллагааг агиографийн бүтээлүүдээс тодруулж болдог ба хүмүүсийн зан заншил, уламжлалыг судлах боломж олгодог юм. Бүтээлийн хувьд агиографи нь уран зохиолын нэгэн жанр төрөл болдог ба түүх, домог, яриатай илүү адилтган үздэг байна. Агиографи нь дотроо vita буюу намтар, passio буюу гэгээнтний үйл ажиллагаа хэмээн хуваагдах ба энэ хоёр хослон орох нь түгээмэл байдаг. Иймээс түүхчид агиографи судлалаас үнэт мэдээллээ авдаг. Харин martyrology/martyrdom буюу санваартны тамлуулж амиа алдаж, гэгээнтний тоонд орсон тэрхүү түүх эл судалгааны сэдэв болно.
