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АННОТАЦИЯ Корейские исторические источники содержат массу информации, связанной с Монголией и монголо-корейскими отношениями, записанной в древних корейских оригинальных текстах, которые транскрибированы на китайском языке. В этом исследовании мы стремимся рассказать о традиции официальных писем Монгольской империи, а также о том, как определенные устоявшиеся слова и выражения были переведены в дипломатической переписке и как они были отражены в «Письме, отправленном Хубилай-ханом королю Корё». Для этого мы использовали Корёса — историю королевства Корё, существовавшего на Корейском полуострове в средние века, в X–XIV веках. В «Корёса» зафиксированы десятки сообщений и дипломатических писем, отправленных из Монголии в Корё. Кроме того, допустимо, что, когда вводили в “Корёса” монгольские письма, нарушая особенности и формы монгольского или китайского оригинала, сохранив содержание, писали в стиле корейских документов. Но мы считаем, что в дальнейшем нам предстоит более досконально изучать этот вопрос.
In the 13th century, the relationship between Goryeo and Mongol[Yüan] empire was not only based on political relations, but also on economy, trade, art, culture, and by books and knowledge. The demand for temporary visit and permanent residency from Goryeo to Mongol[Yüan] empire, daily consumables, living conditions and appearance of working women had a certain influence on the spread of “Goryeo-yang” or “Korean style” in Mongol[Yüan] empire. This research work aims to find out and highlight the influence on clothing, food, songs and music. Although there are not many sources and documents available for proof, research works are now coming out one after another. The scarcity of documents is due to the fact that official histories and sources of Eastern countries rarely contain detailed writing and records about women and ordinary people.
Солонгос түүхийн сурвалжуудад Монголтой холбоотой мэдээ занги болоод эртний солонгос эх буюу нангиадаар тэмдэглэсэн Монгол-Солонгосын харилцааны бичгүүд нэлээд их буй. Энэ өгүүлэлд Монголын эзэнт гүрний албан бичгийн уламжлалыг тодруулахын зэрэгцээ зарим тогтсон үг хэллэг гадаад харилцааны захидал бичигт хэрхэн орчуулагддаг байсан агаад тэдгээрт хэрхэн туссаныг “Хубилай хаан Корйө улсын ванд илгээсэн нэгэн жуу бичиг”-ээр дамжуулан өгүүлэхийг зорилоо.
There are several significant literature connected to Mongolian history among the sources of the early and mid era’s of the Korean history. Those are “History of the Three Kingdoms (in korean 삼국사기, in chinese三國史記)”, “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (삼국유사, 三國遺事)”, “Mirror of Wars in the Eastern Kingdom [Korea] (동국병감, 東國兵鑑)”, “History of Goryeo Dynasty (고려사, 高麗史)”, “Essential of Goryeo History (고려사절요, 高麗史節要)” and “The annals of the Joseon Dinasty (조선왕조실록, 朝鮮王朝實錄)”. Beyond mentioned, there are various documents connected with Mongolia which are travel’s annals of the ambassadors of the statehood kingdoms’ existed in Korean peninsula in many generation and at this time, it’s aimed to present the above literatures viewed by researchers as main literatures of the Korean history.
History of Goryeo Dynasty is one of the official histories of Korea and included Goryeo Dynasry’s politic, economy, social culture and biography of public figures wich is most important fundamental source for our current studying the ancient history of that time. Therefore, many research studies has been made on the History of Goryeo Dynasty in perspective of manuscript study, literature study and culture study in apart from of history, at present in Korea. Thi source is written right after establishment of Joseon Dynasty as chronicle of the Goryeo Dynasty’s late period, whereas Korean scholars cannot eject view that political justification view point reflected on establishment of Joseon Dynasty.
In the 13th century, the relationship between Goryeo and Yuan dynasty was not only based on political relations, but also on economy, trade, art, culture, and by books and knowledge. The demand for temporary visit and permanent residency from Goryeo to Yuan, daily consumables, living conditions and appearance of Women-Tribute had a certain influence on the spread of “Goryeo-yang” or “Korean style” in Yuan. This research work aims to find out and highlight the influence on clothing, food, songs and music. Although there are not many sources and documents available for proof, research works are now coming out one after another. The scarcity of documents is due to the fact that official histories and sources of Eastern countries rarely contain detailed writing and records about women and ordinary people.
Abstract This study revealed the Mongolian translation tradition and scope of Chinese or Korean books or works currently introduced in Mongolia, and introduced the genres and titles of the works included there. Therefore, in search of the characteristics of each period, the subject of the work or the name of the artist was revealed. This is thought to be helpful in finding the genre that is currently lacking in translation of Korean literature in Mongolia and revealing the scope for future translation or investment. It is hoped that the results of this study will be useful to educational institutions related to Korean studies in Mongolia or specialists who are struggling to translate and introduce Korean culture or Korean literature into Mongolian language.
Mongol Empire has history of communication with the Goryeo dynasty of Korea for about 170 years during period of XIII-XIV century. Therefore, there is existing necessity for detailed study of the historic relationship of the two countries. Korea’s official historic source “Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo dynasty)” is the most essential source of this study. In “Goryeosa”, there is plenty information to substitute insufficient information in Mongolian history sources. Besides, the source has been the Mongol-Korea relations document. By studying resourceful information existing in Korea’s major historical sources, it’s very important in the study of the North East Asian affair history. By this study, we aimed to put into research circulation by studying related information in the “Saega” section of the “Goryeosa” in period of 1270-1280 years, from the perspective of source research and novel materials of international history. Mongol Empire has history of communication with the Goryeo dynasty of Korea for about 170 years during period of XIII-XIV century. Therefore, there is existing necessity for detailed study of the historic relationship of the two countries. Korea’s official historic source “Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo dynasty)” is the most essential source of this study. In “Goryeosa”, there is plenty information to substitute insufficient information in Mongolian history sources. Besides, the source has been the Mongol-Korea relations document. By studying resourceful information existing in Korea’s major historical sources, it’s very important in the study of the North East Asian affair history. By this study, we aimed to put into research circulation by studying related information in the “Saega” section of the “Goryeosa” in period of 1270-1280 years, from the perspective of source research and novel materials of international history. Mongol Empire has history of communication with the Goryeo dynasty of Korea for about 170 years during period of XIII-XIV century. Therefore, there is existing necessity for detailed study of the historic relationship of the two countries. Korea’s official historic source “Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo dynasty)” is the most essential source of this study. In “Goryeosa”, there is plenty information to substitute insufficient information in Mongolian history sources. Besides, the source has been the Mongol-Korea relations document. By studying resourceful information existing in Korea’s major historical sources, it’s very important in the study of the North East Asian affair history. By this study, we aimed to put into research circulation by studying related information in the “Saega” section of the “Goryeosa” in period of 1270-1280 years, from the perspective of source research and novel materials of international history. First: By this study, forms of the official letter in Yuan-Goryeo’s relations been clarified. It is clear that there was strict form of drafting the official in Yuan dynasty’s foreign affairs there are facts noted neatly Goryeosa in regards of names and forms. The Korean researchers considered that there are no strict forms and discipline compared to the before and after period of the Yuan-Goryeo’s communication letters. In our study, the official letter’s type and discipline formation were established and in what event which type and what sort of content is drafted for official letters and the letters were sent can be determined beforehand. For instance, petition (in Chinese biao (表), in Mongolian илэрхийлэн айлтгах бичиг) sent to Mongolia by Goryeo had a content of general explanation of the Goryeo dynasty’s actual internal conditions and given that asking for issuing suitable edict and directions, but regarding request letters (in Chinese zou (奏), in Mongolian өргөх бичиг) it’s mainly different types of requsts. Also, regarding the reporting letter (in Chinese gao (告), in Mongolian илтгэл), it had content of delivering up-to-date new information about Goryeo’s domestic affairs. The official documents sent to Goryeo by Mongolian government and authorized entity had primary content of giving orders from Mongolian government that obligating the Goryeo dynasty to implement certain work and responsibility one time or in long term related to assigning decision about Goryeo and had directive nature. The dispatch’s (in Chinese yiwen (移文), in Mongolian тархаах бичиг) content had a nature of decree to be fulfilled, lifting a ban and putting a ban on actions implemented in Goryeo domestically and between Mongol-Goryeo. The order (in Chinese zhiling (旨令), in Mongolian тушаал), enclosed letter (in Chinese guan zi (關子), in Mongolian битүүмжит зарлиг) and military orders sent to Goryeo by the Regional Military Command for East (or Japan) Campaign (東征元帥府) and the Branch Central Secretariat (行中書省) were generally related to the warfare. Besides, the letters (in Chinese shu (書), in Mongolian бичиг) and reports (in Chinese bao (報), in Mongolian илтгэл) sent to Mongolian government and the Central Secretariat (中書省) by the Goryeo dynasty had a following distinction. The letter was asking support and directions in certain matters and the report had content about the execution of direction and decree given from authorized entities of Mongol and detailed explanation about “items left homeland” or sent from Goryeo. But, this has been observed in the information covering the period of ten years only and it should be studied further in details. Second: In our studies, it’s been determined that there are far more information exist in “Goryeosa”. The numbers and contents are clear and rather descriptive compared to the Chinese and Mongolian source such as the “History of the Yuan dynasty”. The “Goryeosa” is once again proved to be one of the main sources of the history of Mongol-Korea relations in the medieval period.
Request letters sent to Khubilai Khaan by King of Goryeo (1270-1280) In this article, it is aimed carefully examine memorial letters sent to Mongolian khaan by Goreyo's king by sorting information and evidence related to our country's language, culture, history, politics, foreign affairs in Goryeosa's Reference volume between 1270-1280 years, which contens important information, not only Korea, but medieval history of Mongolian history and culture. By sorting the Goryeosa's Reference volume between 1270-1280 years, there has been noted total of around 620 information related to Mongolia. During period between 1270-1280 years, the Goreyo's king sent Mongolian khaan total of 65 letters ( including memorial letter, request letter, informing letter, request memo letter, celebratory memo, testament letter, letter on repayment of gratitude, letter of recognition, letter on letter on new years holidays and letter of congratulations on khaan' birthday) and information about letters are left noted. Of which, 33 letters sent to Mongolian grand khaan by Goreyo's king in chinese and reast of the 32 are information about these.
